Image encoding/decoding method and apparatus using maximum transform size setting for chroma block, and method for transmitting bitstream

ABSTRACT

An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. An image decoding method performed by an image decoding apparatus may include obtaining a current block by splitting an image, determining a prediction mode of the current block, generating an intra prediction block of the current block, based on the prediction mode of the current block being an intra prediction mode, generating a residual block of the current block, and reconstructing the current block based on the prediction block and the residual block of the current block.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/562,315, filed on Dec. 27, 2021, which is a Continuation of U.S. International Application No. PCT/KR2020/008234, filed on Jun. 24, 2020, claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/865,949, filed on Jun. 24, 2019, the contents of which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an image encoding/decoding method and apparatus, and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for encoding/decoding an image by setting a maximum size of a transform block used for a chroma block, and a method of transmitting a bitstream generated by the image encoding method/apparatus of the present disclosure.

BACKGROUND ART

Recently, demand for high-resolution and high-quality images such as high definition (HD) images and ultra high definition (UHD) images is increasing in various fields. As resolution and quality of image data are improved, the amount of transmitted information or bits relatively increases as compared to existing image data. An increase in the amount of transmitted information or bits causes an increase in transmission cost and storage cost.

Accordingly, there is a need for high-efficient image compression technology for effectively transmitting, storing and reproducing information on high-resolution and high-quality images.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

An object of the present disclosure is to provide an image encoding/decoding method and apparatus with improved encoding/decoding efficiency.

An object of the present disclosure is to provide an image encoding/decoding method and apparatus capable of improving encoding/decoding efficiency by setting a maximum size of a transform block for a chroma block.

Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a method of transmitting a bitstream generated by an image encoding method or apparatus according to the present disclosure.

Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a recording medium storing a bitstream generated by an image encoding method or apparatus according to the present disclosure.

Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a recording medium storing a bitstream received, decoded and used to reconstruct an image by an image decoding apparatus according to the present disclosure.

The technical problems solved by the present disclosure are not limited to the above technical problems and other technical problems which are not described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description.

Technical Solution

An image decoding method performed by an image decoding apparatus according to an aspect of the present disclosure may include obtaining a current block by splitting an image, determining a prediction mode of the current block, generating an intra prediction block of the current block, based on the prediction mode of the current block being an intra prediction mode, generating a residual block of the current block; and reconstructing the current block based on the prediction block and the residual block of the current block. In this case, the intra prediction block and the residual block may be generated based on a size of a transform block of the current block, and the size of the transform block may be determined based on a color component of the current block.

An image decoding apparatus according to an aspect of the present disclosure may include a memory and at least one processor. The at least one processor may obtain a current block by splitting an image, determine a prediction mode of the current block; generate an intra prediction block of the current block, based on the prediction mode of the current block being an intra prediction mode, generate a residual block of the current block and reconstruct the current block based on the prediction block and the residual block of the current block. In this case, the intra prediction block and the residual block may be generated based on a size of a transform block of the current block, and the size of the transform block may be determined based on a color component of the current block.

An image encoding method performed by an image encoding apparatus according to an aspect of the present disclosure may include determining a current block by splitting an image, generating an intra prediction block of the current block, generating a residual block of the current block based on the intra prediction block, and encoding intra prediction mode information of the current block. In this case, the intra residual block and the residual block may be encoded based on a size of a transform block of the current block, and the size of the transform block may be determined based on a color component of the current block.

In addition, a transmission method according to another aspect of the present disclosure may transmit a bitstream generated by the image encoding apparatus or the image encoding method of the present disclosure.

In addition, a computer-readable recording medium according to another aspect of the present disclosure may store the bitstream generated by the image encoding apparatus or the image encoding method of the present disclosure.

The features briefly summarized above with respect to the present disclosure are merely exemplary aspects of the detailed description below of the present disclosure, and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure.

Advantageous Effects

According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide an image encoding/decoding method and apparatus with improved encoding/decoding efficiency.

According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide an image encoding/decoding method and apparatus capable of improving encoding/decoding efficiency by setting a maximum size of a transform block for a chroma block.

Also, according to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a method of transmitting a bitstream generated by an image encoding method or apparatus according to the present disclosure.

Also, according to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a recording medium storing a bitstream generated by an image encoding method or apparatus according to the present disclosure.

Also, according to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a recording medium storing a bitstream received, decoded and used to reconstruct an image by an image decoding apparatus according to the present disclosure.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that that the effects that can be achieved through the present disclosure are not limited to what has been particularly described hereinabove and other advantages of the present disclosure will be more clearly understood from the detailed description.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a view schematically showing a video coding system, to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable.

FIG. 2 is a view schematically showing an image encoding apparatus, to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable.

FIG. 3 is a view schematically showing an image decoding apparatus, to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable.

FIG. 4 is a view showing a partitioning structure of an image according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a view showing an embodiment of a partitioning type of a block according to a multi-type tree structure.

FIG. 6 is a view showing a signaling mechanism of block splitting information in a quadtree with nested multi-type tree structure according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a view showing an embodiment in which a CTU is partitioned into multiple CUs.

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating an embodiment of a redundant splitting pattern.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an inter prediction based video/image encoding method.

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating the configuration of an inter prediction unit 180 according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an inter prediction based video/image decoding method.

FIG. 12 is a view illustrating the configuration of an inter prediction unit 260 according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a view illustrating neighboring blocks available as a spatial merge candidate according to an embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a view schematically illustrating a merge candidate list construction method according to an embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a view schematically illustrating a motion vector predictor candidate list construction method according to an embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a view illustrating a syntax structure for transmitting MVD from an image encoding apparatus to an image decoding apparatus according to an embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating an IBC based video/image encoding method according to an embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a view illustrating the configuration of a prediction unit for performing an IBC based video/image encoding method according to an embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating an IBC based video/image decoding method according to an embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a view illustrating a configuration of a prediction unit for performing an IBC based video/image decoding method according to an embodiment.

FIG. 21 is a view illustrating syntax for chroma format signaling according to an embodiment.

FIG. 22 is a view illustrating a chroma format classification table according to an embodiment.

FIG. 23 is a view illustrating a splitting limitation example of a CU for virtual pipeline processing.

FIGS. 24 to 26 are views illustrating a splitting example of a CU and a TU according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 27 and 28 are flowcharts illustrating IBC prediction and intra prediction to which a maximum transform size according to an embodiment applies.

FIG. 29 is a flowchart illustrating a method of encoding an image by an encoding apparatus according to an embodiment.

FIG. 30 is a flowchart illustrating a method of decoding an image by a decoding apparatus according to an embodiment.

FIG. 31 is a view showing a content streaming system, to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable.

MODE FOR INVENTION

Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so as to be easily implemented by those skilled in the art. However, the present disclosure may be implemented in various different forms, and is not limited to the embodiments described herein.

In describing the present disclosure, if it is determined that the detailed description of a related known function or construction renders the scope of the present disclosure unnecessarily ambiguous, the detailed description thereof will be omitted. In the drawings, parts not related to the description of the present disclosure are omitted, and similar reference numerals are attached to similar parts.

In the present disclosure, when a component is “connected”, “coupled” or “linked” to another component, it may include not only a direct connection relationship but also an indirect connection relationship in which an intervening component is present. In addition, when a component “includes” or “has” other components, it means that other components may be further included, rather than excluding other components unless otherwise stated.

In the present disclosure, the terms first, second, etc. may be used only for the purpose of distinguishing one component from other components, and do not limit the order or importance of the components unless otherwise stated. Accordingly, within the scope of the present disclosure, a first component in one embodiment may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and similarly, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

In the present disclosure, components that are distinguished from each other are intended to clearly describe each feature, and do not mean that the components are necessarily separated. That is, a plurality of components may be integrated and implemented in one hardware or software unit, or one component may be distributed and implemented in a plurality of hardware or software units. Therefore, even if not stated otherwise, such embodiments in which the components are integrated or the component is distributed are also included in the scope of the present disclosure.

In the present disclosure, the components described in various embodiments do not necessarily mean essential components, and some components may be optional components. Accordingly, an embodiment consisting of a subset of components described in an embodiment is also included in the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, embodiments including other components in addition to components described in the various embodiments are included in the scope of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure relates to encoding and decoding of an image, and terms used in the present disclosure may have a general meaning commonly used in the technical field, to which the present disclosure belongs, unless newly defined in the present disclosure.

In the present disclosure, a “picture” generally refers to a unit representing one image in a specific time period, and a slice/tile is a coding unit constituting a part of a picture, and one picture may be composed of one or more slices/tiles. In addition, a slice/tile may include one or more coding tree units (CTUs).

In the present disclosure, a “pixel” or a “pel” may mean a smallest unit constituting one picture (or image). In addition, “sample” may be used as a term corresponding to a pixel. A sample may generally represent a pixel or a value of a pixel, and may represent only a pixel/pixel value of a luma component or only a pixel/pixel value of a chroma component.

In the present disclosure, a “unit” may represent a basic unit of image processing. The unit may include at least one of a specific region of the picture and information related to the region. The unit may be used interchangeably with terms such as “sample array”, “block” or “area” in some cases. In a general case, an M×N block may include samples (or sample arrays) or a set (or array) of transform coefficients of M columns and N rows.

In the present disclosure, “current block” may mean one of “current coding block”, “current coding unit”, “coding target block”, “decoding target block” or “processing target block”. When prediction is performed, “current block” may mean “current prediction block” or “prediction target block”. When transform (inverse transform)/quantization (dequantization) is performed, “current block” may mean “current transform block” or “transform target block”. When filtering is performed, “current block” may mean “filtering target block”.

In addition, in the present disclosure, a “current block” may mean “a luma block of a current block” unless explicitly stated as a chroma block. The “chroma block of the current block” may be expressed by including an explicit description of a chroma block, such as “chroma block” or “current chroma block”.

In the present disclosure, the term “/” and “,” should be interpreted to indicate “and/or.” For instance, the expression “A/B” and “A, B” may mean “A and/or B.” Further, “A/B/C” and “A/B/C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and/or C.”

In the present disclosure, the term “or” should be interpreted to indicate “and/or.” For instance, the expression “A or B” may comprise 1) only “A”, 2) only “B”, and/or 3) both “A and B”. In other words, in the present disclosure, the term “or” should be interpreted to indicate “additionally or alternatively.”

Overview of Video Coding System

FIG. 1 is a view showing a video coding system according to the present disclosure.

The video coding system according to an embodiment may include a encoding apparatus 10 and a decoding apparatus 20. The encoding apparatus 10 may deliver encoded video and/or image information or data to the decoding apparatus 20 in the form of a file or streaming via a digital storage medium or network.

The encoding apparatus 10 according to an embodiment may include a video source generator 11, an encoding unit 12 and a transmitter 13. The decoding apparatus 20 according to an embodiment may include a receiver 21, a decoding unit 22 and a renderer 23. The encoding unit 12 may be called a video/image encoding unit, and the decoding unit 22 may be called a video/image decoding unit. The transmitter 13 may be included in the encoding unit 12. The receiver 21 may be included in the decoding unit 22. The renderer 23 may include a display and the display may be configured as a separate device or an external component.

The video source generator 11 may acquire a video/image through a process of capturing, synthesizing or generating the video/image. The video source generator 11 may include a video/image capture device and/or a video/image generating device. The video/image capture device may include, for example, one or more cameras, video/image archives including previously captured video/images, and the like. The video/image generating device may include, for example, computers, tablets and smartphones, and may (electronically) generate video/images. For example, a virtual video/image may be generated through a computer or the like. In this case, the video/image capturing process may be replaced by a process of generating related data.

The encoding unit 12 may encode an input video/image. The encoding unit 12 may perform a series of procedures such as prediction, transform, and quantization for compression and coding efficiency. The encoding unit 12 may output encoded data (encoded video/image information) in the form of a bitstream.

The transmitter 13 may transmit the encoded video/image information or data output in the form of a bitstream to the receiver 21 of the decoding apparatus 20 through a digital storage medium or a network in the form of a file or streaming. The digital storage medium may include various storage mediums such as USB, SD, CD, DVD, Blu-ray, HDD, SSD, and the like. The transmitter 13 may include an element for generating a media file through a predetermined file format and may include an element for transmission through a broadcast/communication network. The receiver 21 may extract/receive the bitstream from the storage medium or network and transmit the bitstream to the decoding unit 22.

The decoding unit 22 may decode the video/image by performing a series of procedures such as dequantization, inverse transform, and prediction corresponding to the operation of the encoding unit 12.

The renderer 23 may render the decoded video/image. The rendered video/image may be displayed through the display.

Overview of Image Encoding Apparatus

FIG. 2 is a view schematically showing an image encoding apparatus, to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable.

As shown in FIG. 2 , the image encoding apparatus 100 may include an image partitioner 110, a subtractor 115, a transformer 120, a quantizer 130, a dequantizer 140, an inverse transformer 150, an adder 155, a filter 160, a memory 170, an inter prediction unit 180, an intra prediction unit 185 and an entropy encoder 190. The inter prediction unit 180 and the intra prediction unit 185 may be collectively referred to as a “prediction unit”. The transformer 120, the quantizer 130, the dequantizer 140 and the inverse transformer 150 may be included in a residual processor. The residual processor may further include the subtractor 115.

All or at least some of the plurality of components configuring the image encoding apparatus 100 may be configured by one hardware component (e.g., an encoder or a processor) in some embodiments. In addition, the memory 170 may include a decoded picture buffer (DPB) and may be configured by a digital storage medium.

The image partitioner 110 may partition an input image (or a picture or a frame) input to the image encoding apparatus 100 into one or more processing units. For example, the processing unit may be called a coding unit (CU). The coding unit may be acquired by recursively partitioning a coding tree unit (CTU) or a largest coding unit (LCU) according to a quad-tree binary-tree ternary-tree (QT/BT/TT) structure. For example, one coding unit may be partitioned into a plurality of coding units of a deeper depth based on a quad tree structure, a binary tree structure, and/or a ternary structure. For partitioning of the coding unit, a quad tree structure may be applied first and the binary tree structure and/or ternary structure may be applied later. The coding procedure according to the present disclosure may be performed based on the final coding unit that is no longer partitioned. The largest coding unit may be used as the final coding unit or the coding unit of deeper depth acquired by partitioning the largest coding unit may be used as the final coding unit. Here, the coding procedure may include a procedure of prediction, transform, and reconstruction, which will be described later. As another example, the processing unit of the coding procedure may be a prediction unit (PU) or a transform unit (TU). The prediction unit and the transform unit may be split or partitioned from the final coding unit. The prediction unit may be a unit of sample prediction, and the transform unit may be a unit for deriving a transform coefficient and/or a unit for deriving a residual signal from the transform coefficient.

The prediction unit (the inter prediction unit 180 or the intra prediction unit 185) may perform prediction on a block to be processed (current block) and generate a predicted block including prediction samples for the current block. The prediction unit may determine whether intra prediction or inter prediction is applied on a current block or CU basis. The prediction unit may generate various information related to prediction of the current block and transmit the generated information to the entropy encoder 190. The information on the prediction may be encoded in the entropy encoder 190 and output in the form of a bitstream.

The intra prediction unit 185 may predict the current block by referring to the samples in the current picture. The referred samples may be located in the neighborhood of the current block or may be located apart according to the intra prediction mode and/or the intra prediction technique. The intra prediction modes may include a plurality of non-directional modes and a plurality of directional modes. The non-directional mode may include, for example, a DC mode and a planar mode. The directional mode may include, for example, 33 directional prediction modes or 65 directional prediction modes according to the degree of detail of the prediction direction. However, this is merely an example, more or less directional prediction modes may be used depending on a setting. The intra prediction unit 185 may determine the prediction mode applied to the current block by using a prediction mode applied to a neighboring block.

The inter prediction unit 180 may derive a predicted block for the current block based on a reference block (reference sample array) specified by a motion vector on a reference picture. In this case, in order to reduce the amount of motion information transmitted in the inter prediction mode, the motion information may be predicted in units of blocks, subblocks, or samples based on correlation of motion information between the neighboring block and the current block. The motion information may include a motion vector and a reference picture index. The motion information may further include inter prediction direction (L0 prediction, L1 prediction, Bi prediction, etc.) information. In the case of inter prediction, the neighboring block may include a spatial neighboring block present in the current picture and a temporal neighboring block present in the reference picture. The reference picture including the reference block and the reference picture including the temporal neighboring block may be the same or different. The temporal neighboring block may be called a collocated reference block, a co-located CU (colCU), and the like. The reference picture including the temporal neighboring block may be called a collocated picture (colPic). For example, the inter prediction unit 180 may configure a motion information candidate list based on neighboring blocks and generate information specifying which candidate is used to derive a motion vector and/or a reference picture index of the current block. Inter prediction may be performed based on various prediction modes. For example, in the case of a skip mode and a merge mode, the inter prediction unit 180 may use motion information of the neighboring block as motion information of the current block. In the case of the skip mode, unlike the merge mode, the residual signal may not be transmitted. In the case of the motion vector prediction (MVP) mode, the motion vector of the neighboring block may be used as a motion vector predictor, and the motion vector of the current block may be signaled by encoding a motion vector difference and an indicator for a motion vector predictor. The motion vector difference may mean a difference between the motion vector of the current block and the motion vector predictor.

The prediction unit may generate a prediction signal based on various prediction methods and prediction techniques described below. For example, the prediction unit may not only apply intra prediction or inter prediction but also simultaneously apply both intra prediction and inter prediction, in order to predict the current block. A prediction method of simultaneously applying both intra prediction and inter prediction for prediction of the current block may be called combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP). In addition, the prediction unit may perform intra block copy (IBC) for prediction of the current block. Intra block copy may be used for content image/video coding of a game or the like, for example, screen content coding (SCC). IBC is a method of predicting a current picture using a previously reconstructed reference block in the current picture at a location apart from the current block by a predetermined distance. When IBC is applied, the location of the reference block in the current picture may be encoded as a vector (block vector) corresponding to the predetermined distance. IBC basically performs prediction in the current picture, but may be performed similarly to inter prediction in that a reference block is derived within the current picture. That is, IBC may use at least one of the inter prediction techniques described in the present disclosure.

The prediction signal generated by the prediction unit may be used to generate a reconstructed signal or to generate a residual signal. The subtractor 115 may generate a residual signal (residual block or residual sample array) by subtracting the prediction signal (predicted block or prediction sample array) output from the prediction unit from the input image signal (original block or original sample array). The generated residual signal may be transmitted to the transformer 120.

The transformer 120 may generate transform coefficients by applying a transform technique to the residual signal. For example, the transform technique may include at least one of a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a discrete sine transform (DST), a karhunen-loève transform (KLT), a graph-based transform (GBT), or a conditionally non-linear transform (CNT). Here, the GBT means transform obtained from a graph when relationship information between pixels is represented by the graph. The CNT refers to transform acquired based on a prediction signal generated using all previously reconstructed pixels. In addition, the transform process may be applied to square pixel blocks having the same size or may be applied to blocks having a variable size rather than square.

The quantizer 130 may quantize the transform coefficients and transmit them to the entropy encoder 190. The entropy encoder 190 may encode the quantized signal (information on the quantized transform coefficients) and output a bitstream. The information on the quantized transform coefficients may be referred to as residual information. The quantizer 130 may rearrange quantized transform coefficients in a block form into a one-dimensional vector form based on a coefficient scanning order and generate information on the quantized transform coefficients based on the quantized transform coefficients in the one-dimensional vector form.

The entropy encoder 190 may perform various encoding methods such as, for example, exponential Golomb, context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), and the like. The entropy encoder 190 may encode information necessary for video/image reconstruction other than quantized transform coefficients (e.g., values of syntax elements, etc.) together or separately. Encoded information (e.g., encoded video/image information) may be transmitted or stored in units of network abstraction layers (NALs) in the form of a bitstream. The video/image information may further include information on various parameter sets such as an adaptation parameter set (APS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a sequence parameter set (SPS), or a video parameter set (VPS). In addition, the video/image information may further include general constraint information. The signaled information, transmitted information and/or syntax elements described in the present disclosure may be encoded through the above-described encoding procedure and included in the bitstream.

The bitstream may be transmitted over a network or may be stored in a digital storage medium. The network may include a broadcasting network and/or a communication network, and the digital storage medium may include various storage media such as USB, SD, CD, DVD, Blu-ray, HDD, SSD, and the like. A transmitter (not shown) transmitting a signal output from the entropy encoder 190 and/or a storage unit (not shown) storing the signal may be included as internal/external element of the image encoding apparatus 100. Alternatively, the transmitter may be provided as the component of the entropy encoder 190.

The quantized transform coefficients output from the quantizer 130 may be used to generate a residual signal. For example, the residual signal (residual block or residual samples) may be reconstructed by applying dequantization and inverse transform to the quantized transform coefficients through the dequantizer 140 and the inverse transformer 150.

The adder 155 adds the reconstructed residual signal to the prediction signal output from the inter prediction unit 180 or the intra prediction unit 185 to generate a reconstructed signal (reconstructed picture, reconstructed block, reconstructed sample array). If there is no residual for the block to be processed, such as a case where the skip mode is applied, the predicted block may be used as the reconstructed block. The adder 155 may be called a reconstructor or a reconstructed block generator. The generated reconstructed signal may be used for intra prediction of a next block to be processed in the current picture and may be used for inter prediction of a next picture through filtering as described below.

The filter 160 may improve subjective/objective image quality by applying filtering to the reconstructed signal. For example, the filter 160 may generate a modified reconstructed picture by applying various filtering methods to the reconstructed picture and store the modified reconstructed picture in the memory 170, specifically, a DPB of the memory 170. The various filtering methods may include, for example, deblocking filtering, a sample adaptive offset, an adaptive loop filter, a bilateral filter, and the like. The filter 160 may generate various information related to filtering and transmit the generated information to the entropy encoder 190 as described later in the description of each filtering method. The information related to filtering may be encoded by the entropy encoder 190 and output in the form of a bitstream.

The modified reconstructed picture transmitted to the memory 170 may be used as the reference picture in the inter prediction unit 180. When inter prediction is applied through the image encoding apparatus 100, prediction mismatch between the image encoding apparatus 100 and the image decoding apparatus may be avoided and encoding efficiency may be improved.

The DPB of the memory 170 may store the modified reconstructed picture for use as a reference picture in the inter prediction unit 180. The memory 170 may store the motion information of the block from which the motion information in the current picture is derived (or encoded) and/or the motion information of the blocks in the picture that have already been reconstructed. The stored motion information may be transmitted to the inter prediction unit 180 and used as the motion information of the spatial neighboring block or the motion information of the temporal neighboring block. The memory 170 may store reconstructed samples of reconstructed blocks in the current picture and may transfer the reconstructed samples to the intra prediction unit 185.

Overview of Image Decoding Apparatus

FIG. 3 is a view schematically showing an image decoding apparatus, to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable.

As shown in FIG. 3 , the image decoding apparatus 200 may include an entropy decoder 210, a dequantizer 220, an inverse transformer 230, an adder 235, a filter 240, a memory 250, an inter prediction unit 260 and an intra prediction unit 265. The inter prediction unit 260 and the intra prediction unit 265 may be collectively referred to as a “prediction unit”. The dequantizer 220 and the inverse transformer 230 may be included in a residual processor.

All or at least some of a plurality of components configuring the image decoding apparatus 200 may be configured by a hardware component (e.g., a decoder or a processor) according to an embodiment. In addition, the memory 250 may include a decoded picture buffer (DPB) or may be configured by a digital storage medium.

The image decoding apparatus 200, which has received a bitstream including video/image information, may reconstruct an image by performing a process corresponding to a process performed by the image encoding apparatus 100 of FIG. 2 . For example, the image decoding apparatus 200 may perform decoding using a processing unit applied in the image encoding apparatus. Thus, the processing unit of decoding may be a coding unit, for example. The coding unit may be acquired by partitioning a coding tree unit or a largest coding unit. The reconstructed image signal decoded and output through the image decoding apparatus 200 may be reproduced through a reproducing apparatus (not shown).

The image decoding apparatus 200 may receive a signal output from the image encoding apparatus of FIG. 2 in the form of a bitstream. The received signal may be decoded through the entropy decoder 210. For example, the entropy decoder 210 may parse the bitstream to derive information (e.g., video/image information) necessary for image reconstruction (or picture reconstruction). The video/image information may further include information on various parameter sets such as an adaptation parameter set (APS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a sequence parameter set (SPS), or a video parameter set (VPS). In addition, the video/image information may further include general constraint information. The image decoding apparatus may further decode picture based on the information on the parameter set and/or the general constraint information. Signaled/received information and/or syntax elements described in the present disclosure may be decoded through the decoding procedure and obtained from the bitstream. For example, the entropy decoder 210 decodes the information in the bitstream based on a coding method such as exponential Golomb coding, CAVLC, or CABAC, and output values of syntax elements required for image reconstruction and quantized values of transform coefficients for residual. More specifically, the CABAC entropy decoding method may receive a bin corresponding to each syntax element in the bitstream, determine a context model using a decoding target syntax element information, decoding information of a neighboring block and a decoding target block or information of a symbol/bin decoded in a previous stage, and perform arithmetic decoding on the bin by predicting a probability of occurrence of a bin according to the determined context model, and generate a symbol corresponding to the value of each syntax element. In this case, the CABAC entropy decoding method may update the context model by using the information of the decoded symbol/bin for a context model of a next symbol/bin after determining the context model. The information related to the prediction among the information decoded by the entropy decoder 210 may be provided to the prediction unit (the inter prediction unit 260 and the intra prediction unit 265), and the residual value on which the entropy decoding was performed in the entropy decoder 210, that is, the quantized transform coefficients and related parameter information, may be input to the dequantizer 220. In addition, information on filtering among information decoded by the entropy decoder 210 may be provided to the filter 240. Meanwhile, a receiver (not shown) for receiving a signal output from the image encoding apparatus may be further configured as an internal/external element of the image decoding apparatus 200, or the receiver may be a component of the entropy decoder 210.

Meanwhile, the image decoding apparatus according to the present disclosure may be referred to as a video/image/picture decoding apparatus. The image decoding apparatus may be classified into an information decoder (video/image/picture information decoder) and a sample decoder (video/image/picture sample decoder). The information decoder may include the entropy decoder 210. The sample decoder may include at least one of the dequantizer 220, the inverse transformer 230, the adder 235, the filter 240, the memory 250, the inter prediction unit 260 or the intra prediction unit 265.

The dequantizer 220 may dequantize the quantized transform coefficients and output the transform coefficients. The dequantizer 220 may rearrange the quantized transform coefficients in the form of a two-dimensional block. In this case, the rearrangement may be performed based on the coefficient scanning order performed in the image encoding apparatus. The dequantizer 220 may perform dequantization on the quantized transform coefficients by using a quantization parameter (e.g., quantization step size information) and obtain transform coefficients.

The inverse transformer 230 may inversely transform the transform coefficients to obtain a residual signal (residual block, residual sample array).

The prediction unit may perform prediction on the current block and generate a predicted block including prediction samples for the current block. The prediction unit may determine whether intra prediction or inter prediction is applied to the current block based on the information on the prediction output from the entropy decoder 210 and may determine a specific intra/inter prediction mode (prediction technique).

It is the same as described in the prediction unit of the image encoding apparatus 100 that the prediction unit may generate the prediction signal based on various prediction methods (techniques) which will be described later.

The intra prediction unit 265 may predict the current block by referring to the samples in the current picture. The description of the intra prediction unit 185 is equally applied to the intra prediction unit 265.

The inter prediction unit 260 may derive a predicted block for the current block based on a reference block (reference sample array) specified by a motion vector on a reference picture. In this case, in order to reduce the amount of motion information transmitted in the inter prediction mode, motion information may be predicted in units of blocks, subblocks, or samples based on correlation of motion information between the neighboring block and the current block. The motion information may include a motion vector and a reference picture index. The motion information may further include inter prediction direction (L0 prediction, L1 prediction, Bi prediction, etc.) information. In the case of inter prediction, the neighboring block may include a spatial neighboring block present in the current picture and a temporal neighboring block present in the reference picture. For example, the inter prediction unit 260 may configure a motion information candidate list based on neighboring blocks and derive a motion vector of the current block and/or a reference picture index based on the received candidate selection information. Inter prediction may be performed based on various prediction modes, and the information on the prediction may include information specifying a mode of inter prediction for the current block.

The adder 235 may generate a reconstructed signal (reconstructed picture, reconstructed block, reconstructed sample array) by adding the obtained residual signal to the prediction signal (predicted block, predicted sample array) output from the prediction unit (including the inter prediction unit 260 and/or the intra prediction unit 265). If there is no residual for the block to be processed, such as when the skip mode is applied, the predicted block may be used as the reconstructed block. The description of the adder 155 is equally applicable to the adder 235. The adder 235 may be called a reconstructor or a reconstructed block generator. The generated reconstructed signal may be used for intra prediction of a next block to be processed in the current picture and may be used for inter prediction of a next picture through filtering as described below.

The filter 240 may improve subjective/objective image quality by applying filtering to the reconstructed signal. For example, the filter 240 may generate a modified reconstructed picture by applying various filtering methods to the reconstructed picture and store the modified reconstructed picture in the memory 250, specifically, a DPB of the memory 250. The various filtering methods may include, for example, deblocking filtering, a sample adaptive offset, an adaptive loop filter, a bilateral filter, and the like.

The (modified) reconstructed picture stored in the DPB of the memory 250 may be used as a reference picture in the inter prediction unit 260. The memory 250 may store the motion information of the block from which the motion information in the current picture is derived (or decoded) and/or the motion information of the blocks in the picture that have already been reconstructed. The stored motion information may be transmitted to the inter prediction unit 260 so as to be utilized as the motion information of the spatial neighboring block or the motion information of the temporal neighboring block. The memory 250 may store reconstructed samples of reconstructed blocks in the current picture and transfer the reconstructed samples to the intra prediction unit 265.

In the present disclosure, the embodiments described in the filter 160, the inter prediction unit 180, and the intra prediction unit 185 of the image encoding apparatus 100 may be equally or correspondingly applied to the filter 240, the inter prediction unit 260, and the intra prediction unit 265 of the image decoding apparatus 200.

Overview of Image Partitioning

The video/image coding method according to the present disclosure may be performed based on an image partitioning structure as follows. Specifically, the procedures of prediction, residual processing ((inverse) transform, (de)quantization, etc.), syntax element coding, and filtering, which will be described later, may be performed based on a CTU, CU (and/or TU, PU) derived based on the image partitioning structure. The image may be partitioned in block units and the block partitioning procedure may be performed in the image partitioner 110 of the encoding apparatus. The partitioning related information may be encoded by the entropy encoder 190 and transmitted to the decoding apparatus in the form of a bitstream. The entropy decoder 210 of the decoding apparatus may derive a block partitioning structure of the current picture based on the partitioning related information obtained from the bitstream, and based on this, may perform a series of procedures (e.g., prediction, residual processing, block/picture reconstruction, in-loop filtering, etc.) for image decoding.

Pictures may be partitioned into a sequence of coding tree units (CTUs). FIG. 4 shows an example in which a picture is partitioned into CTUs. The CTU may correspond to a coding tree block (CTB). Alternatively, the CTU may include a coding tree block of luma samples and two coding tree blocks of corresponding chroma samples. For example, for a picture that contains three sample arrays, the CTU may include an N×N block of luma samples and two corresponding blocks of chroma samples.

Overview of Partitioning of CTU

As described above, the coding unit may be acquired by recursively partitioning the coding tree unit (CTU) or the largest coding unit (LCU) according to a quad-tree/binary-tree/ternary-tree (QT/BT/TT) structure. For example, the CTU may be first partitioned into quadtree structures. Thereafter, leaf nodes of the quadtree structure may be further partitioned by a multi-type tree structure.

Partitioning according to quadtree means that a current CU (or CTU) is partitioned into equally four. By partitioning according to quadtree, the current CU may be partitioned into four CUs having the same width and the same height. When the current CU is no longer partitioned into the quadtree structure, the current CU corresponds to the leaf node of the quad-tree structure. The CU corresponding to the leaf node of the quadtree structure may be no longer partitioned and may be used as the above-described final coding unit. Alternatively, the CU corresponding to the leaf node of the quadtree structure may be further partitioned by a multi-type tree structure.

FIG. 5 is a view showing an embodiment of a partitioning type of a block according to a multi-type tree structure. Partitioning according to the multi-type tree structure may include two types of splitting according to a binary tree structure and two types of splitting according to a ternary tree structure.

The two types of splitting according to the binary tree structure may include vertical binary splitting (SPLIT_BT_VER) and horizontal binary splitting (SPLIT_BT_HOR). Vertical binary splitting (SPLIT_BT_VER) means that the current CU is split into equally two in the vertical direction. As shown in FIG. 4 , by vertical binary splitting, two CUs having the same height as the current CU and having a width which is half the width of the current CU may be generated. Horizontal binary splitting (SPLIT_BT_HOR) means that the current CU is split into equally two in the horizontal direction. As shown in FIG. 5 , by horizontal binary splitting, two CUs having a height which is half the height of the current CU and having the same width as the current CU may be generated.

Two types of splitting according to the ternary tree structure may include vertical ternary splitting (SPLIT_TT_VER) and horizontal ternary splitting (SPLIT_TT_HOR). In vertical ternary splitting (SPLIT_TT_VER), the current CU is split in the vertical direction at a ratio of 1:2:1. As shown in FIG. 5 , by vertical ternary splitting, two CUs having the same height as the current CU and having a width which is ¼ of the width of the current CU and a CU having the same height as the current CU and having a width which is half the width of the current CU may be generated. In horizontal ternary splitting (SPLIT_TT_HOR), the current CU is split in the horizontal direction at a ratio of 1:2:1. As shown in FIG. 5 , by horizontal ternary splitting, two CUs having a height which is ¼ of the height of the current CU and having the same width as the current CU and a CU having a height which is half the height of the current CU and having the same width as the current CU may be generated.

FIG. 6 is a view showing a signaling mechanism of block splitting information in a quadtree with nested multi-type tree structure according to the present disclosure.

Here, the CTU is treated as the root node of the quadtree, and is partitioned for the first time into a quadtree structure. Information (e.g., qt_split_flag) specifying whether quadtree splitting is performed on the current CU (CTU or node (QT_node) of the quadtree) is signaled. For example, when qt_split_flag has a first value (e.g., “1”), the current CU may be quadtree-partitioned. In addition, when qt_split_flag has a second value (e.g., “0”), the current CU is not quadtree-partitioned, but becomes the leaf node (QT_leaf_node) of the quadtree. Each quadtree leaf node may then be further partitioned into multitype tree structures. That is, the leaf node of the quadtree may become the node (MTT_node) of the multi-type tree. In the multitype tree structure, a first flag (e.g., Mtt_split_cu_flag) is signaled to specify whether the current node is additionally partitioned. If the corresponding node is additionally partitioned (e.g., if the first flag is 1), a second flag (e.g., Mtt_split_cu_vertical_flag) may be signaled to specify the splitting direction. For example, the splitting direction may be a vertical direction if the second flag is 1 and may be a horizontal direction if the second flag is 0. Then, a third flag (e.g., Mtt_split_cu_binary_flag) may be signaled to specify whether the split type is a binary split type or a ternary split type. For example, the split type may be a binary split type when the third flag is 1 and may be a ternary split type when the third flag is 0. The node of the multi-type tree acquired by binary splitting or ternary splitting may be further partitioned into multi-type tree structures. However, the node of the multi-type tree may not be partitioned into quadtree structures. If the first flag is 0, the corresponding node of the multi-type tree is no longer split but becomes the leaf node (MTT_leaf_node) of the multi-type tree. The CU corresponding to the leaf node of the multi-type tree may be used as the above-described final coding unit.

Based on the mtt_split_cu_vertical_flag and the mtt_split_cu_binary_flag, a multi-type tree splitting mode (MttSplitMode) of a CU may be derived as shown in Table 1 below. In the following description, the multi-type tree splitting mode may be referred to as a multi-tree splitting type or splitting type.

TABLE 1 MttSplitMode mtt_split_cu_vertical_flag mtt_split_cu_binary_flag SPLIT_TT_HOR 0 0 SPLIT_BT_HOR 0 1 SPLIT_TT_VER 1 0 SPLIT_BT_VER 1 1

FIG. 7 is a view showing an example in which a CTU is partitioned into multiple CUs by applying a multi-type tree after applying a quadtree. In FIG. 7 , bold block edges 710 represent quadtree partitioning and the remaining edges 720 represent multitype tree partitioning. The CU may correspond to a coding block (CB). In an embodiment, the CU may include a coding block of luma samples and two coding blocks of chroma samples corresponding to the luma samples. A chroma component (sample) CB or TB size may be derived based on a luma component (sample) CB or TB size according to the component ratio according to the color format (chroma format, e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0 or the like) of the picture/image. In case of 4:4:4 color format, the chroma component CB/TB size may be set equal to be luma component CB/TB size. In case of 4:2:2 color format, the width of the chroma component CB/TB may be set to half the width of the luma component CB/TB and the height of the chroma component CB/TB may be set to the height of the luma component CB/TB. In case of 4:2:0 color format, the width of the chroma component CB/TB may be set to half the width of the luma component CB/TB and the height of the chroma component CB/TB may be set to half the height of the luma component CB/TB.

In an embodiment, when the size of the CTU is 128 based on the luma sample unit, the size of the CU may have a size from 128×128 to 4×4 which is the same size as the CTU. In one embodiment, in case of 4:2:0 color format (or chroma format), a chroma CB size may have a size from 64×64 to 2×2.

Meanwhile, in an embodiment, the CU size and the TU size may be the same. Alternatively, there may be a plurality of TUs in a CU region. The TU size generally represents a luma component (sample) transform block (TB) size.

The TU size may be derived based a largest allowable TB size maxTbSize which is a predetermined value. For example, when the CU size is greater than maxTbSize, a plurality of TUs (TBs) having maxTbSize may be derived from the CU and transform/inverse transform may be performed in units of TU (TB). For example, the largest allowable luma TB size may be 64×64 and the largest allowable chroma TB size may be 32×32. If the width or height of the CB partitioned according to the tree structure is larger than the largest transform width or height, the CB may be automatically (or implicitly) partitioned until the TB size limit in the horizontal and vertical directions is satisfied.

In addition, for example, when intra prediction is applied, an intra prediction mode/type may be derived in units of CU (or CB) and a neighboring reference sample derivation and prediction sample generation procedure may be performed in units of TU (or TB). In this case, there may be one or a plurality of TUs (or TBs) in one CU (or CB) region and, in this case, the plurality of TUs or (TBs) may share the same intra prediction mode/type.

Meanwhile, for a quadtree coding tree scheme with nested multitype tree, the following parameters may be signaled as SPS syntax elements from the encoding apparatus to the decoding apparatus. For example, at least one of a CTU size which is a parameter representing the root node size of a quadtree, MinQTSize which is a parameter representing the minimum allowed quadtree leaf node size, MaxBtSize which is a parameter representing the maximum allowed binary tree root node size, MaxTtSize which is a parameter representing the maximum allowed ternary tree root node size, MaxMttDepth which is a parameter representing the maximum allowed hierarchy depth of multi-type tree splitting from a quadtree leaf node, MinBtSize which is a parameter representing the minimum allowed binary tree leaf node size, or MinTtSize which is a parameter representing the minimum allowed ternary tree leaf node size is signaled.

As an embodiment of using 4:2:0 chroma format, the CTU size may be set to 128×128 luma blocks and two 64×64 chroma blocks corresponding to the luma blocks. In this case, MinOTSize may be set to 16×16, MaxBtSize may be set to 128×128, MaxTtSzie may be set to 64×64, MinBtSize and MinTtSize may be set to 4×4, and MaxMttDepth may be set to 4. Quadtree partitioning may be applied to the CTU to generate quadtree leaf nodes. The quadtree leaf node may be called a leaf QT node. Quadtree leaf nodes may have a size from a 16×16 size (e.g., the MinOTSize) to a 128×128 size (e.g., the CTU size). If the leaf QT node is 128×128, it may not be additionally partitioned into a binary tree/ternary tree. This is because, in this case, even if partitioned, it exceeds MaxBtsize and MaxTtszie (e.g., 64×64). In other cases, leaf QT nodes may be further partitioned into a multitype tree. Therefore, the leaf QT node is the root node for the multitype tree, and the leaf QT node may have a multitype tree depth (mttDepth) 0 value. If the multitype tree depth reaches MaxMttdepth (e.g., 4), further partitioning may not be considered further. If the width of the multitype tree node is equal to MinBtSize and less than or equal to 2×MinTtSize, then no further horizontal partitioning may be considered. If the height of the multitype tree node is equal to MinBtSize and less than or equal to 2×MinTtSize, no further vertical partitioning may be considered. When partitioning is not considered, the encoding apparatus may skip signaling of partitioning information. In this case, the decoding apparatus may derive partitioning information with a predetermined value.

Meanwhile, one CTU may include a coding block of luma samples (hereinafter referred to as a “luma block”) and two coding blocks of chroma samples corresponding thereto (hereinafter referred to as “chroma blocks”). The above-described coding tree scheme may be equally or separately applied to the luma block and chroma block of the current CU. Specifically, the luma and chroma blocks in one CTU may be partitioned into the same block tree structure and, in this case, the tree structure is represented as SINGLE_TREE. Alternatively, the luma and chroma blocks in one CTU may be partitioned into separate block tree structures, and, in this case, the tree structure may be represented as DUAL_TREE. That is, when the CTU is partitioned into dual trees, the block tree structure for the luma block and the block tree structure for the chroma block may be separately present. In this case, the block tree structure for the luma block may be called DUAL_TREE_LUMA, and the block tree structure for the chroma component may be called DUAL_TREE_CHROMA. For P and B slice/tile groups, luma and chroma blocks in one CTU may be limited to have the same coding tree structure. However, for I slice/tile groups, luma and chroma blocks may have a separate block tree structure from each other. If the separate block tree structure is applied, the luma CTB may be partitioned into CUs based on a particular coding tree structure, and the chroma CTB may be partitioned into chroma CUs based on another coding tree structure. That is, this means that a CU in an I slice/tile group, to which the separate block tree structure is applied, may include a coding block of luma components or coding blocks of two chroma components and a CU of a P or B slice/tile group may include blocks of three color components (a luma component and two chroma components).

Although a quadtree coding tree structure with a nested multitype tree has been described, a structure in which a CU is partitioned is not limited thereto. For example, the BT structure and the TT structure may be interpreted as a concept included in a multiple partitioning tree (MPT) structure, and the CU may be interpreted as being partitioned through the QT structure and the MPT structure. In an example where the CU is partitioned through a QT structure and an MPT structure, a syntax element (e.g., MPT_split_type) including information on how many blocks the leaf node of the QT structure is partitioned into and a syntax element (ex. MPT_split_mode) including information on which of vertical and horizontal directions the leaf node of the QT structure is partitioned into may be signaled to determine a partitioning structure.

In another example, the CU may be partitioned in a different way than the QT structure, BT structure or TT structure. That is, unlike that the CU of the lower depth is partitioned into ¼ of the CU of the higher depth according to the QT structure, the CU of the lower depth is partitioned into ½ of the CU of the higher depth according to the BT structure, or the CU of the lower depth is partitioned into ¼ or ½ of the CU of the higher depth according to the TT structure, the CU of the lower depth may be partitioned into ⅕, ⅓, ⅜, ⅗, ⅔, or ⅝ of the CU of the higher depth in some cases, and the method of partitioning the CU is not limited thereto.

The quadtree coding block structure with the multi-type tree may provide a very flexible block partitioning structure. Because of the partition types supported in a multi-type tree, different partition patterns may potentially result in the same coding block structure in some cases. In the encoding apparatus and the decoding apparatus, by limiting the occurrence of such redundant partition patterns, a data amount of partitioning information may be reduced.

For example, FIG. 8 shows redundant splitting patterns which may occur in binary tree splitting and ternary tree splitting. As shown in FIG. 8 , continuous binary splitting 810 and 820 for one direction of two-step levels have the same coding block structure as binary splitting for a center partition after ternary splitting. In this case, binary tree splitting for center blocks 830 and 840 of ternary tree splitting may be prohibited, this prohibition is applicable to CUs of all pictures. When such specific splitting is prohibited, signaling of corresponding syntax elements may be modified by reflecting this prohibited case, thereby reducing the number of bits signaled for splitting. For example, as shown in the example shown in FIG. 8 , when binary tree splitting for the center block of the CU is prohibited, a syntax element mtt_split_cu_binary_flag specifying whether splitting is binary splitting or ternary splitting is not signaled and the value thereof may be derived as 0 by a decoding apparatus.

Overview of Inter Prediction

Hereinafter, inter prediction according to the present disclosure will be described.

The prediction unit of an image encoding apparatus/image decoding apparatus according to the present disclosure may perform inter prediction in units of blocks to derive a prediction sample. Inter prediction may represent prediction derived in a manner that is dependent on data elements (e.g., sample values, motion information, etc.) of picture(s) other than a current picture. When inter prediction applies to the current block, a predicted block (prediction block or a prediction sample array) for the current block may be derived based on a reference block (reference sample array) specified by a motion vector on a reference picture indicated by a reference picture index. In this case, in order to reduce the amount of motion information transmitted in an inter prediction mode, motion information of the current block may be predicted in units of blocks, subblocks or samples, based on correlation of motion information between a neighboring block and the current block. The motion information may include a motion vector and a reference picture index. The motion information may further include inter prediction type (L0 prediction, L1 prediction, Bi prediction, etc.) information. When applying inter prediction, the neighboring block may include a spatial neighboring block present in the current picture and a temporal neighboring block present in the reference picture. A reference picture including the reference block and a reference picture including the temporal neighboring block may be the same or different. The temporal neighboring block may be referred to as a collocated reference block, collocated CU (ColCU) or colBlock, and the reference picture including the temporal neighboring block may be referred to as a collocated picture (colPic) or colPicture. For example, a motion information candidate list may be constructed based on the neighboring blocks of the current block, and flag or index information specifying which candidate is selected (used) may be signaled in order to derive the motion vector of the current block and/or the reference picture index.

Inter prediction may be performed based on various prediction modes. For example, in the case of a skip mode and a merge mode, the motion information of the current block may be equal to the motion information of the selected neighboring block. In the case of the skip mode, a residual signal may not be transmitted unlike the merge mode. In the case of a motion information prediction (MVP) mode, the motion vector of the selected neighboring block may be used as a motion vector predictor and a motion vector difference may be signaled. In this case, the motion vector of the current block may be derived using a sum of the motion vector predictor and the motion vector difference. In the present disclosure, the MVP mode may have the same meaning as advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP).

The motion information may include L0 motion information and/or L1 motion information according to the inter prediction type (L0 prediction, L1 prediction, Bi prediction, etc.). The motion vector in an L0 direction may be referred to as an L0 motion vector or MVL0, and the motion vector in an L1 direction may be referred to as an L1 motion vector or MVL1. Prediction based on the L0 motion vector may be referred to as L0 prediction, prediction based on the L1 motion vector may be referred to as L1 prediction, and prediction based both the L0 motion vector and the L1 motion vector may be referred to as Bi prediction. Here, the L0 motion vector may specify a motion vector associated with a reference picture list L0 (L0) and the L1 motion vector may specify a motion vector associated with a reference picture list L1 (L1). The reference picture list L0 may include pictures before the current picture in output order as reference pictures, and the reference picture list L1 may include pictures after the current picture in output order. The previous pictures may be referred to as forward (reference) pictures and the subsequent pictures may be referred to as reverse (reference) pictures. The reference picture list L0 may further include pictures after the current picture in output order as reference pictures. In this case, within the reference picture list L0, the previous pictures may be first indexed and the subsequent pictures may then be indexed. The reference picture list L1 may further include pictures before the current picture in output order as reference pictures. In this case, within the reference picture list L1, the subsequent pictures may be first indexed and the previous pictures may then be indexed. Here, the output order may correspond to picture order count (POC) order.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an inter prediction based video/image encoding method.

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating the configuration of an inter prediction unit 180 according to the present disclosure.

The encoding method of FIG. 9 may be performed by the image encoding apparatus of FIG. 2 . Specifically, step S610 may be performed by the inter prediction unit 180, and step S620 may be performed by the residual processor. Specifically, step S620 may be performed by the subtractor 115. Step S630 may be performed by the entropy encoder 190. The prediction information of step S630 may be derived by the inter prediction unit 180, and the residual information of step S630 may be derived by the residual processor. The residual information is information on the residual samples. The residual information may include information on quantized transform coefficients for the residual samples. As described above, the residual samples may be derived as transform coefficients through the transformer 120 of the image encoding apparatus, and the transform coefficients may be derived as quantized transform coefficients through the quantizer 130. Information on the quantized transform coefficients may be encoded by the entropy encoder 190 through a residual coding procedure.

The image encoding apparatus may perform inter prediction on a current block (S610). The image encoding apparatus may derive an inter prediction mode and motion information of the current block and generate prediction samples of the current block. Here, inter prediction mode determination, motion information derivation and prediction samples generation procedures may be simultaneously performed or any one thereof may be performed before the other procedures. For example, as shown in FIG. 10 , the inter prediction unit 180 of the image encoding apparatus may include a prediction mode determination unit 181, a motion information derivation unit 182 and a prediction sample derivation unit 183. The prediction mode determination unit 181 may determine the prediction mode of the current block, the motion information derivation unit 182 may derive the motion information of the current block, and the prediction sample derivation unit 183 may derive the prediction samples of the current block. For example, the inter prediction unit 180 of the image encoding apparatus may search for a block similar to the current block within a predetermined area (search area) of reference pictures through motion estimation, and derive a reference block whose a difference from the current block is equal to or less than a predetermined criterion or a minimum. Based on this, a reference picture index specifying a reference picture in which the reference block is located may be derived, and a motion vector may be derived based on a position difference between the reference block and the current block. The image encoding apparatus may determine a mode applying to the current block among various prediction modes. The image encoding apparatus may compare rate-distortion (RD) costs for the various prediction modes and determine an optimal prediction mode of the current block. However, the method of determining the prediction mode of the current block by the image encoding apparatus is not limited to the above example, and various methods may be used.

For example, when a skip mode or a merge mode applies to the current block, the image encoding apparatus may derive merge candidates from neighboring blocks of the current block and construct a merge candidate list using the derived merge candidates. In addition, the image encoding apparatus may derive a reference block whose a difference from the current block is equal to or less than a predetermined criterion or a minimum, among reference blocks specified by merge candidates included in the merge candidate list. In this case, a merge candidate associated with the derived reference block may be selected, and merge index information specifying the selected merge candidate may be generated and signaled to an image decoding apparatus. The motion information of the current block may be derived using the motion information of the selected merge candidate.

As another example, when an MVP mode applies to the current block, the image encoding apparatus may derive motion vector predictor (mvp) candidates from the neighboring blocks of the current block and construct an mvp candidate list using the derived mvp candidates. In addition, the image encoding apparatus may use the motion vector of the mvp candidate selected from among the mvp candidates included in the mvp candidate list as the mvp of the current block. In this case, for example, the motion vector indicating the reference block derived by the above-described motion estimation may be used as the motion vector of the current block, an mvp candidate with a motion vector having a smallest difference from the motion vector of the current block among the mvp candidates may be the selected mvp candidate. A motion vector difference (MVD) which is a difference obtained by subtracting the mvp from the motion vector of the current block may be derived. In this case, index information specifying the selected mvp candidate and information on the MVD may be signaled to the image decoding apparatus. In addition, when applying the MVP mode, the value of the reference picture index may be constructed as reference picture index information and separately signaled to the image decoding apparatus.

The image encoding apparatus may derive residual samples based on the prediction samples (S620). The image encoding apparatus may derive the residual samples through comparison between original samples of the current block and the prediction samples. For example, the residual sample may be derived by subtracting a corresponding prediction sample from an original sample.

The image encoding apparatus may encode image information including prediction information and residual information (S630). The image encoding apparatus may output the encoded image information in the form of a bitstream. The prediction information may include prediction mode information (e.g., skip flag, merge flag or mode index, etc.) and information on motion information as information related to the prediction procedure. Among the prediction mode information, the skip flag specifies whether a skip mode applies to the current block, and the merge flag specifies whether the merge mode applies to the current block. Alternatively, the prediction mode information may specify one of a plurality of prediction modes, such as a mode index. When the skip flag and the merge flag are 0, it may be determined that the MVP mode applies to the current block. The information on the motion information may include candidate selection information (e.g., merge index, mvp flag or mvp index) which is information for deriving a motion vector. Among the candidate selection information, the merge index may be signaled when the merge mode applies to the current block and may be information for selecting one of merge candidates included in a merge candidate list. Among the candidate selection information, the mvp flag or the mvp index may be signaled when the MVP mode applies to the current block and may be information for selecting one of mvp candidates in an mvp candidate list. In addition, the information on the motion information may include information on the above-described MVD and/or reference picture index information. In addition, the information on the motion information may include information specifying whether to apply L0 prediction, L1 prediction or Bi prediction. The residual information is information on the residual samples. The residual information may include information on quantized transform coefficients for the residual samples.

The output bitstream may be stored in a (digital) storage medium and transmitted to the image decoding apparatus or may be transmitted to the image decoding apparatus via a network.

As described above, the image encoding apparatus may generate a reconstructed picture (a picture including reconstructed samples and a reconstructed block) based on the reference samples and the residual samples. This is for the image encoding apparatus to derive the same prediction result as that performed by the image decoding apparatus, thereby increasing coding efficiency. Accordingly, the image encoding apparatus may store the reconstructed picture (or the reconstructed samples and the reconstructed block) in a memory and use the same as a reference picture for inter prediction. As described above, an in-loop filtering procedure is further applicable to the reconstructed picture.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an inter prediction based video/image decoding method.

FIG. 12 is a view illustrating the configuration of an inter prediction unit 260 according to the present disclosure.

The image decoding apparatus may perform operation corresponding to operation performed by the image encoding apparatus. The image decoding apparatus may perform prediction on a current block based on received prediction information and derive prediction samples.

The decoding method of FIG. 11 may be performed by the image decoding apparatus of FIG. 3 . Steps S810 to S830 may be performed by the inter prediction unit 260, and the prediction information of step S810 and the residual information of step S840 may be obtained from a bitstream by the entropy decoder 210. The residual processor of the image decoding apparatus may derive residual samples for a current block based on the residual information (S840). Specifically, the dequantizer 220 of the residual processor may perform dequantization based on dequantized transform coefficients derived based on the residual information to derive transform coefficients, and the inverse transformer 230 of the residual processor may perform inverse transform on the transform coefficients to derive the residual samples for the current block. Step S850 may be performed by the adder 235 or the reconstructor.

Specifically, the image decoding apparatus may determine the prediction mode of the current block based on the received prediction information (S810). The image decoding apparatus may determine which inter prediction mode applies to the current block based on the prediction mode information in the prediction information.

For example, it may be determined whether the skip mode applies to the current block based on the skip flag. In addition, it may be determined whether the merge mode or the MVP mode applies to the current block based on the merge flag. Alternatively, one of various inter prediction mode candidates may be selected based on the mode index. The inter prediction mode candidates may include a skip mode, a merge mode and/or an MVP mode or may include various inter prediction modes which will be described below.

The image decoding apparatus may derive the motion information of the current block based on the determined inter prediction mode (S820). For example, when the skip mode or the merge mode applies to the current block, the image decoding apparatus may construct a merge candidate list, which will be described below, and select one of merge candidates included in the merge candidate list. The selection may be performed based on the above-described candidate selection information (merge index). The motion information of the current block may be derived using the motion information of the selected merge candidate. For example, the motion information of the selected merge candidate may be used as the motion information of the current block.

As another example, when the MVP mode applies to the current block, the image decoding apparatus may construct an mvp candidate list and use the motion vector of an mvp candidate selected from among mvp candidates included in the mvp candidate list as an mvp of the current block. The selection may be performed based on the above-described candidate selection information (mvp flag or mvp index). In this case, the MVD of the current block may be derived based on information on the MVD, and the motion vector of the current block may be derived based on mvp and MVD of the current block. In addition, the reference picture index of the current block may be derived based on the reference picture index information. A picture indicated by the reference picture index in the reference picture list of the current block may be derived as a reference picture referenced for inter prediction of the current block.

The image decoding apparatus may generate prediction samples of the current block based on motion information of the current block (S830). In this case, the reference picture may be derived based on the reference picture index of the current block, and the prediction samples of the current block may be derived using the samples of the reference block indicated by the motion vector of the current block on the reference picture. In some cases, a prediction sample filtering procedure may be further performed on all or some of the prediction samples of the current block.

For example, as shown in FIG. 12 , the inter prediction unit 260 of the image decoding apparatus may include a prediction mode determination unit 261, a motion information derivation unit 262 and a prediction sample derivation unit 263. In the inter prediction unit 260 of the image decoding apparatus, the prediction mode determination unit 261 may determine the prediction mode of the current block based on the received prediction mode information, the motion information derivation unit 262 may derive the motion information (a motion vector and/or a reference picture index, etc.) of the current block based on the received motion information, and the prediction sample derivation unit 263 may derive the prediction samples of the current block.

The image decoding apparatus may generate residual samples of the current block based the received residual information (S840). The image decoding apparatus may generate the reconstructed samples of the current block based on the prediction samples and the residual samples and generate a reconstructed picture based on this (S850). Thereafter, an in-loop filtering procedure is applicable to the reconstructed picture as described above.

As described above, the inter prediction procedure may include step of determining an inter prediction mode, step of deriving motion information according to the determined prediction mode, and step of performing prediction (generating prediction samples) based on the derived motion information. The inter prediction procedure may be performed by the image encoding apparatus and the image decoding apparatus, as described above.

Hereinafter, the step of deriving the motion information according to the prediction mode will be described in greater detail.

As described above, inter prediction may be performed using motion information of a current block. An image encoding apparatus may derive optimal motion information of a current block through a motion estimation procedure. For example, the image encoding apparatus may search for a similar reference block with high correlation within a predetermined search range in the reference picture using an original block in an original picture for the current block in fractional pixel unit, and derive motion information using the same. Similarity of the block may be calculated based on a sum of absolute differences (SAD) between the current block and the reference block. In this case, motion information may be derived based on a reference block with a smallest SAD in the search area. The derived motion information may be signaled to an image decoding apparatus according to various methods based on an inter prediction mode.

When a merge mode applies to a current block, motion information of the current block is not directly transmitted and motion information of the current block is derived using motion information of a neighboring block. Accordingly, motion information of a current prediction block may be indicated by transmitting flag information specifying that the merge mode is used and candidate selection information (e.g., a merge index) specifying which neighboring block is used as a merge candidate. In the present disclosure, since the current block is a unit of prediction performance, the current block may be used as the same meaning as the current prediction block, and the neighboring block may be used as the same meaning as a neighboring prediction block.

The image encoding apparatus may search for merge candidate blocks used to derive the motion information of the current block to perform the merge mode. For example, up to five merge candidate blocks may be used, without being limited thereto. The maximum number of merge candidate blocks may be transmitted in a slice header or a tile group header, without being limited thereto. After finding the merge candidate blocks, the image encoding apparatus may generate a merge candidate list and select a merge candidate block with smallest RD cost as a final merge candidate block.

The present disclosure provides various embodiments for the merge candidate blocks configuring the merge candidate list. The merge candidate list may use, for example, five merge candidate blocks. For example, four spatial merge candidates and one temporal merge candidate may be used.

FIG. 13 is a view illustrating neighboring blocks available as a spatial merge candidate.

FIG. 14 is a view schematically illustrating a merge candidate list construction method according to an example of the present disclosure.

An image encoding/decoding apparatus may insert, into a merge candidate list, spatial merge candidates derived by searching for spatial neighboring blocks of a current block (S1110). For example, as shown in FIG. 13 , the spatial neighboring blocks may include a bottom-left corner neighboring block A₀, a left neighboring block A₁, a top-right corner neighboring block B₀, a top neighboring block B₁, and a top-left corner neighboring block B₂ of the current block. However, this is an example and, in addition to the above-described spatial neighboring blocks, additional neighboring blocks such as a right neighboring block, a bottom neighboring block and a bottom-right neighboring block may be further used as the spatial neighboring blocks. The image encoding/decoding apparatus may detect available blocks by searching for the spatial neighboring blocks based on priority and derive motion information of the detected blocks as the spatial merge candidates. For example, the image encoding/decoding apparatus may construct a merge candidate list by searching for the five blocks shown in FIG. 13 in order of A₁, B₁, B₀, A₀ and B₂ and sequentially indexing available candidates.

The image encoding/decoding apparatus may insert, into the merge candidate list, a temporal merge candidate derived by searching for temporal neighboring blocks of the current block (S1120). The temporal neighboring blocks may be located on a reference picture which is different from a current picture in which the current block is located. A reference picture in which the temporal neighboring block is located may be referred to as a collocated picture or a col picture. The temporal neighboring block may be searched for in order of a bottom-right corner neighboring block and a bottom-right center block of the co-located block for the current block on the col picture. Meanwhile, when applying motion data compression in order to reduce memory load, specific motion information may be stored as representative motion information for each predetermined storage unit for the col picture. In this case, motion information of all blocks in the predetermined storage unit does not need to be stored, thereby obtaining motion data compression effect. In this case, the predetermined storage unit may be predetermined as, for example, 16×16 sample unit or 8×8 sample unit or size information of the predetermined storage unit may be signaled from the image encoding apparatus to the image decoding apparatus. When applying the motion data compression, the motion information of the temporal neighboring block may be replaced with the representative motion information of the predetermined storage unit in which the temporal neighboring block is located. That is, in this case, from the viewpoint of implementation, the temporal merge candidate may be derived based on the motion information of a prediction block covering an arithmetic left-shifted position after an arithmetic right shift by a predetermined value based on coordinates (top-left sample position) of the temporal neighboring block, not a prediction block located on the coordinates of the temporal neighboring block. For example, when the predetermined storage unit is a 2^(n)×2^(n) sample unit and the coordinates of the temporal neighboring block are (xTnb, yTnb), the motion information of a prediction block located at a modified position ((xTnb>>n)<<n), (yTnb>>n)<<n)) may be used for the temporal merge candidate. Specifically, for example, when the predetermined storage unit is a 16×16 sample unit and the coordinates of the temporal neighboring block are (xTnb, yTnb), the motion information of a prediction block located at a modified position ((xTnb>>4)<<4), (yTnb>>4)<<4)) may be used for the temporal merge candidate. Alternatively, for example, when the predetermined storage unit is an 8×8 sample unit and the coordinates of the temporal neighboring block are (xTnb, yTnb), the motion information of a prediction block located at a modified position ((xTnb>>3)<<3), (yTnb>>3)<<3)) may be used for the temporal merge candidate.

Referring to FIG. 14 again, the image encoding/decoding apparatus may check whether the number of current merge candidates is less than a maximum number of merge candidates (S1130). The maximum number of merge candidates may be predefined or signaled from the image encoding apparatus to the image decoding apparatus. For example, the image encoding apparatus may generate and encode information on the maximum number of merge candidates and transmit the encoded information to the image decoding apparatus in the form of a bitstream. When the maximum number of merge candidates is satisfied, a subsequent candidate addition process S1140 may not be performed.

When the number of current merge candidates is less than the maximum number of merge candidates as a checked result of step S1130, the image encoding/decoding apparatus may derive an additional merge candidate according to a predetermined method and then insert the additional merge candidate to the merge candidate list (S1140).

When the number of current merge candidates is not less than the maximum number of merge candidates as a checked result of step S1130, the image encoding/decoding apparatus may end the construction of the merge candidate list. In this case, the image encoding apparatus may select an optimal merge candidate from among the merge candidates configuring the merge candidate list, and signal candidate selection information (e.g., merge index) specifying the selected merge candidate to the image decoding apparatus. The image decoding apparatus may select the optimal merge candidate based on the merge candidate list and the candidate selection information.

The motion information of the selected merge candidate may be used as the motion information of the current block, and the prediction samples of the current block may be derived based on the motion information of the current block, as described above. The image encoding apparatus may derive the residual samples of the current block based on the prediction samples and signal residual information of the residual samples to the image decoding apparatus. The image decoding apparatus may generate reconstructed samples based on the residual samples derived based on the residual information and the prediction samples and generate the reconstructed picture based on the same, as described above.

When applying a skip mode to the current block, the motion information of the current block may be derived using the same method as the case of applying the merge mode. However, when applying the skip mode, a residual signal for a corresponding block is omitted and thus the prediction samples may be directly used as the reconstructed samples.

When applying an MVP mode to the current block, a motion vector predictor (mvp) candidate list may be generated using a motion vector of reconstructed spatial neighboring blocks (e.g., the neighboring blocks shown in FIG. 13 ) and/or a motion vector corresponding to the temporal neighboring blocks (or Col blocks). That is, the motion vector of the reconstructed spatial neighboring blocks and the motion vector corresponding to the temporal neighboring blocks may be used as motion vector predictor candidates of the current block. When applying bi-prediction, an mvp candidate list for L0 motion information derivation and an mvp candidate list for L1 motion information derivation are individually generated and used. Prediction information (or information on prediction) of the current block may include candidate selection information (e.g., an MVP flag or an MVP index) specifying an optimal motion vector predictor candidate selected from among the motion vector predictor candidates included in the mvp candidate list. In this case, a prediction unit may select a motion vector predictor of a current block from among the motion vector predictor candidates included in the mvp candidate list using the candidate selection information. The prediction unit of the image encoding apparatus may obtain and encode a motion vector difference (MVD) between the motion vector of the current block and the motion vector predictor and output the encoded MVD in the form of a bitstream. That is, the MVD may be obtained by subtracting the motion vector predictor from the motion vector of the current block. The prediction unit of the image decoding apparatus may obtain a motion vector difference included in the information on prediction and derive the motion vector of the current block through addition of the motion vector difference and the motion vector predictor. The prediction unit of the image encoding apparatus may obtain or derive a reference picture index specifying a reference picture from the information on prediction.

FIG. 15 is a view schematically illustrating a motion vector predictor candidate list construction method according to an example of the present disclosure.

First, a spatial candidate block of a current block may be searched for and available candidate blocks may be inserted into an mvp candidate list (S1210). Thereafter, it is determined whether the number of mvp candidates included in the mvp candidate list is less than 2 (S1220) and, when the number of mvp candidates is two, construction of the mvp candidate list may be completed.

In step S1220, when the number of available spatial candidate blocks is less than 2, a temporal candidate block of the current block may be searched for and available candidate blocks may be inserted into the mvp candidate list (S1230). When the temporal candidate blocks are not available, a zero motion vector may be inserted into the mvp candidate list, thereby completing construction of the mvp candidate list.

Meanwhile, when applying an mvp mode, a reference picture index may be explicitly signaled. In this case, a reference picture index refidxL0 for L0 prediction and a reference picture index refidxL1 for L1 prediction may be distinguishably signaled. For example, when applying the MVP mode and applying Bi prediction, both information on refidxL0 and information on refidxL1 may be signaled.

As described above, when applying the MVP mode, information on MVP derived by the image encoding apparatus may be signaled to the image decoding apparatus. Information on the MVD may include, for example, information specifying x and y components for an absolute value (MVD absolute value) and a sign of the MVD. In this case, when the MVD absolute value is greater than 0, whether the MVD absolute value is greater than 1 and information specifying an MVD remainder may be signaled stepwise. For example, information specifying whether the MVD absolute value is greater than 1 may be signaled only when a value of flag information specifying whether the MVD absolute value is greater than 0 is 1.

FIG. 16 is a view illustrating a syntax structure for transmitting MVD from an image encoding apparatus to an image decoding apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

In FIG. 16 , abs_mvd_greater0_flag[0] specifies whether the absolute value of the x component of MVD is greater than 0, and abs_mvd_greater0_flag[1] specifies the absolute value of the y component of MVD is greater than 0. Similarly, abs_mvd_greater1_flag[0] specifies whether the absolute value of the x component of MVD is greater than 1, and abs_mvd_greater1_flag[1] specifies whether the absolute value of the y component of MVD is greater than 1. As shown in FIG. 16 , abs_mvd_greater1_flag may be transmitted only when abs_mvd_greater0_flag is 1. In FIG. 16 , abs_mvd_minus2 may specify a value obtained by subtracting 2 from the absolute value of MVD, and mvd_sign_flag specify whether the sign of MVD is positive or negative. Using the syntax structure shown in FIG. 16 , MVD may be derived as shown in Equation 1 below. MVD[compIdx]=abs_mvd_greater0_flag[compIdx]*(abs_mvd_minus2[compIdx]+2)*(1−2*mvd_sign_flag[compIdx])  [Equation 1]

Meanwhile, MVD (MVDL0) for L0 prediction and MVD (MVDL1) for L1 prediction may be distinguishably signaled, and the information on MVD may include information on MVDL0 and/or information on MVDL1. For example, when applying the MVP mode and applying BI prediction to the current block, both the information on MVDL0 and the information on MVDL1 may be signaled.

Overview of Intra Block Copy (IBC) Prediction

Hereinafter, IBC prediction according to the present disclosure will be described.

IBC prediction may be performed by a prediction unit of an image encoding/decoding apparatus. IBC prediction may be simply referred to as IBC. The IBC may be used for content image/moving image coding such as screen content coding (SCC). The IBC prediction may be basically performed in the current picture, but may be performed similarly to inter prediction in that a reference block is derived within the current picture. That is, IBC may use at least one of inter prediction techniques described in the present disclosure. For example, IBC may use at least one of the above-described motion information (motion vector) derivation methods. At least one of the inter prediction techniques may be partially modified and used in consideration of the IBC prediction. The IBC may refer to a current picture and thus may be referred to as current picture referencing (CPR).

For IBC, the image encoding apparatus may perform block matching (BM) and derive an optimal block vector (or motion vector) for a current block (e.g., a CU). The derived block vector (or motion vector) may be signaled to the image decoding apparatus through a bitstream using a method similar to signaling of motion information (motion vector) in the above-described inter prediction. The image decoding apparatus may derive a reference block for the current block in the current picture through the signaled block vector (motion vector), and derive a prediction signal (predicted block or prediction samples) for the current block through this. Here, the block vector (or motion vector) may specify displacement from the current block to a reference block located in an already reconstructed area in the current picture. Accordingly, the block vector (or the motion vector) may be referred to a displacement vector. Hereinafter, in IBC, the motion vector may correspond to the block vector or the displacement vector. The motion vector of the current block may include a motion vector (luma motion vector) for a luma component or a motion vector (chroma motion vector) for a chroma component. For example, the luma motion vector for an IBC-coded CU may be an integer sample unit (that is, integer precision). The chroma motion vector may be clipped in integer sample units. As described above, IBC may use at least one of inter prediction techniques, and, for example, the luma motion vector may be encoded/decoded using the above-described merge mode or MVP mode.

When applying a merge mode to the luma IBC block, a merge candidate list for the luma IBC block may be constructed similarly to a merge candidate list in the inter mode described with reference to FIG. 14 . However, in the case of the luma IBC block, a temporal neighboring block may not be used as a merge candidate.

When applying the MVP mode to the luma IBC block, an mvp candidate list for the luma IBC block may be constructed similarly to the mvp candidate list in the inter mode described with reference to FIG. 15 . However, in the case of the luma IBC block, a temporal candidate block may not be used as the mvp candidate.

In IBC, a reference block is derived from the already reconstructed area in the current picture. In this case, in order to reduce memory consumption and complexity of the image decoding apparatus, only a predefined area among already reconstructed areas in the current picture may be referenced. The predefined area may include a current CTU in which the current block is included. By restricting referenceable reconstructed area to the predefined area, the IBC mode may be implemented in hardware using a local on-chip memory.

The image encoding apparatus for performing IBC may search the predefined area to determine a reference block with smallest RD cost and derive a motion vector (block vector) based on the positions of the reference block and the current block.

Whether to apply IBC to the current block may be signaled as IBC performance information at a CU level. Information on a signaling method (IBC MVP mode or IBC skip/merger mode) of the motion vector of the current block may be signaled. IBC performance information may be used to determine the prediction mode of the current block. Accordingly, the IBC performance information may be included in information on the prediction mode of the current block.

In the case of the IBC skip/merge mode, a merge candidate index may be signaled to specify a block vector to be used for prediction of the current luma block among block vectors included in the merge candidate list. In this case, the merge candidate list may include IBC-encoded neighboring blocks. The merge candidate list may be configured to include spatial merge candidates and not to include temporal merge candidates. In addition, the merge candidate list may further include history-based motion vector predictor (HMVP) candidates and/or pairwise candidates.

In the case of the IBC MVP mode, a block vector difference value may be encoded using the same method as a motion vector difference value of the above-described inter mode. The block vector prediction method may construct and use an mvp candidate list including two candidates as predictors similarly to the MVP mode of the inter mode. One of the two candidates may be derived from a left neighboring block and the other candidate may be derived from a top neighboring block. In this case, only when the left or top neighboring block is IBC-encoded, candidates may be derived from the corresponding neighboring block. If the left or top neighboring block is not available, for example, is not IBC-encoded, a default block vector may be included in the mvp candidate list as a predictor. In addition, information (e.g., flag) specifying one of two block vector predictors is signaled and used as candidate selection information similarly to the MVP mode of the inter mode. The mvp candidate list may include an HMVP candidate and/or a zero motion vector as the default block vector.

The HMVP candidate may be referred to as a history-based MVP candidate, and an MVP candidate used before encoding/decoding of the current block, a merge candidate or a block vector candidate may be stored in an HMVP list as HMVP candidates. Thereafter, when the merge candidate list of the current block or the mvp candidate list does not include a maximum number of candidates, candidates stored in the HMVP list may be added to the merge candidate list or mvp candidate list of the current block as HMVP candidates.

The pairwise candidate means a candidate derived by selecting two candidates according to a predetermined order from among candidates already included in the merge candidate list of the current block and averaging the selected two candidates.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating an IBC based video/image encoding method.

FIG. 18 is a view illustrating the configuration of a prediction unit for performing an IBC based video/image encoding method according to the present disclosure.

The encoding method of FIG. 17 may be performed by the image encoding apparatus of FIG. 2 . Specifically, step S1410 may be performed by the prediction unit and step S1420 may be performed by the residual processor. Specifically, step S1420 may be performed by the subtractor 115. Step S1430 may be performed by the entropy encoder 190. The prediction information of step S1430 may be derived by the prediction unit and the residual information of step S1430 may be derived by the residual processor. The residual information is information on the residual samples. The residual information may include information on quantized transform coefficients for the residual samples. As described above, the residual samples may be derived by the transform coefficients through the transformer 120 of the image encoding apparatus, and the transform coefficients may be derived by transform coefficients quantized through the quantizer 130. Information on the quantized transform coefficients may be encoded by the entropy encoder 190 through a residual coding procedure.

The image encoding apparatus may perform IBC prediction (IBC based prediction) for the current block (S1410). The image encoding apparatus may derive a prediction mode and motion vector (block vector) of the current block and generate prediction samples of the current block. The prediction mode may include at least one of the above-described inter prediction modes. Here, prediction mode determination, motion vector derivation and prediction samples generation procedures may be simultaneously performed or any one procedure may be performed before the other procedures. For example, as shown in FIG. 18 , the prediction unit of the image encoding apparatus for performing an IBC-based video/image encoding method may include a prediction mode determination unit, a motion vector derivation unit and a prediction sample derivation unit. The prediction mode determination unit may determine the prediction mode of the current block, the motion vector derivation unit may derives the motion vector of the current block, and the prediction sample derivation unit may derive the prediction samples of the current block. For example, the prediction unit of the image encoding apparatus may search for a block similar to the current block in a reconstructed area (or a certain area (search area) of the reconstructed area) of a current picture and derive a reference block whose a difference from the current block is equal to or less than a certain criterion or a minimum. The image encoding apparatus may derive a motion vector based on a displacement difference between the reference block and the current block. The image encoding apparatus may determine a mode applying to the current block among various prediction modes. The image encoding apparatus may compare RD costs for the various prediction modes and determine an optimal prediction mode for the current block. However, a method of determining the prediction mode for the current block by the image encoding apparatus is not limited to the above example and various methods may be used.

For example, when applying a skip mode or a merge mode to the current block, the image encoding apparatus may derive merge candidates from neighboring blocks of the current block and construct a merge candidate list using the derived merge candidates. In addition, the image encoding apparatus may derive a reference block whose a difference from the current block is equal to or less than a certain criterion or a minimum among reference blocks indicated by the merge candidates included in the merge candidate list. In this case, a merge candidate associated with the derived reference block may be selected and merge index information specifying the selected merge candidate may be generated and signaled to the image decoding apparatus. Using the motion vector of the selected merge candidate, the motion vector of the current block may be derived.

As another example, when applying an MVP mode to the current block, the image encoding apparatus may derive motion vector predictor (mvp) candidates from the neighboring blocks of the current block and construct an mvp candidate list using the derived mvp candidates. In addition, the image encoding apparatus may use the motion vector of the mvp candidate selected from among the mvp candidates included in the mvp candidate list as the mvp of the current block. In this case, for example, a motion vector indicating a reference block derived by the above-described motion estimation may be used as the motion vector of the current block, and an mvp candidate having a smallest difference from the motion vector of the current block among the mvp candidates may become the selected mvp candidate. A motion vector difference (MVD) which is obtained by subtracting the mvp from the motion vector of the current block may be derived. In this case, index information specifying the selected mvp candidate and information on the MVD may be signaled to the image decoding apparatus.

The image encoding apparatus may derive residual samples based on the prediction samples (S1420). The image encoding apparatus may derive the residual samples through comparison between the original samples of the current block and the prediction samples. For example, the residual sample may be derived by subtracting the corresponding prediction sample from the original sample.

The image encoding apparatus may encode image information including prediction information and residual information (S1430). The image encoding apparatus may output the encoded image information in the form of a bitstream. The prediction information may include prediction mode information (e.g., skip flag, merge flag or mode index) and information on a motion vector as information related to the prediction procedure. Among the prediction mode information, the skip flag specifies whether to apply the skip mode to the current block and the merge flag specifies whether to apply the merge mode to the current block. Alternatively, the prediction mode information may specify one of a plurality of prediction modes, such as a mode index. When the skip flag and the merge flag are 0, it may be determined that the MVP mode applies to the current block. The information on the motion vector may include candidate selection information (e.g., merge index, mvp flag or mvp index) which is information for deriving the motion vector. Among the candidate selection information, the merge index may be signaled when applying the merge mode to the current block and may be information for selecting one of the merge candidates included in the merge candidate list. Among the candidate selection information, the mvp flag or mvp index may be signaled when applying the MVP mode to the current block and may be information for selecting one of the mvp candidates included in the mvp candidate list. In addition, the information on the motion vector may include information on the above-described MVD. In addition, the information on the motion vector may include information specifying whether to apply L0 prediction, L1 prediction or bi prediction. The residual information is information on the residual samples. The residual information may include information on the quantized transform coefficients for the residual samples.

The output bitstream may be stored in a (digital) storage medium and transmitted to the image decoding apparatus or may be transmitted to the image decoding apparatus through a network.

Meanwhile, as described above, the image encoding apparatus may generate a reconstructed picture (picture including reconstructed samples and a reconstructed block) based on the reference samples and the residual samples. This is for the image encoding apparatus to derive the same prediction result as that performed by the image decoding apparatus, thereby increasing coding efficiency. Accordingly, the image encoding apparatus may store the reconstructed picture (or reconstructed samples and reconstructed block) in a memory and use the same as a reference picture for inter prediction. An in-loop filtering procedure is further applicable to the reconstructed picture, as described above.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating an IBC based video/image decoding method.

FIG. 20 is a view illustrating a configuration of a prediction unit for performing an IBC based video/image decoding method according to the present disclosure.

The image decoding apparatus may perform operation corresponding to operation performed by the image encoding apparatus. The image decoding apparatus may perform IBC prediction for a current block based on received prediction information to derive prediction samples.

The decoding method of FIG. 19 may be performed by the image decoding apparatus of FIG. 3 . Steps S1610 to S1630 may be performed by the prediction unit and the prediction information of step S1610 and the residual information of step S1640 may be obtained from a bitstream by the entropy decoder 210. The residual processor of the image decoding apparatus may derive residual samples for the current block based on the residual information (S1640). Specifically, the dequantizer 220 of the residual processor may perform dequantization based on the quantized transform coefficient derived based on the residual information to derive transform coefficients, and the inverse transformer 230 of the residual processor may perform inverse transform on the transform coefficients to derive residual samples for the current block. Step S1650 may be performed by the adder 235 or the reconstructor.

Specifically, the image decoding apparatus may determine the prediction mode of the current block based on the received prediction information (S1610). The image decoding apparatus may determine which prediction mode applies to the current block based on the prediction mode information in the prediction information.

For example, it may be determined whether to apply the skip mode to the current block based on the skip flag. In addition, it may be determined whether to apply the merge node or MVP mode to the current block based on the merge flag. Alternatively, one of various prediction mode candidates may be selected based on the mode index. The prediction mode candidates may include a skip mode, a merge mode and/or an MVP mode or may include the above-described various inter prediction modes.

The image encoding apparatus may derive the motion vector of the current block based on the determined prediction mode (S1620). For example, when applying the skip mode or the merge mode to the current block, the image decoding apparatus may construct the above-described merge candidate list and select one of the merge modes included in the merge candidate list. The selection may be performed based on the above-described candidate selection information (merge index). The motion vector of the current block may be derived using the motion vector of the selected merge candidate. For example, the motion vector of the selected merge candidate may be used as the motion vector of the current block.

As another example, when applying the MVP mode to the current block, the image decoding apparatus may construct an mvp candidate list and use the motion vector of the mvp candidate selected from among the mvp candidates included in the mvp candidate list as the mvp of the current block. The selection may be performed based on the above-described candidate selection information (mvp flag or mvp index). In this case, the MVD of the current block may be derived based on information on the MVD, and the motion vector of the current block may be derived based on the mvp and MVD of the current block.

The image decoding apparatus may generate prediction samples of the current block based on the motion vector of the current block (S1630). The prediction samples of the current block may be derived using the samples of the reference block indicated by the motion vector of the current block on the current picture. In some cases, a prediction sample filtering procedure for all or some of the prediction samples of the current block may be further performed.

For example, as shown in FIG. 20 , the prediction unit of the image decoding apparatus for performing an IBC based video/image decoding method may include a prediction mode determination unit, a motion vector derivation unit and a prediction sample derivation unit. The prediction unit of the image decoding apparatus may determine the prediction mode for the current block based on the received prediction mode information in the prediction mode determination unit, derive the motion vector of the current block based on the received information on the motion vector in the motion vector derivation unit, and derive the prediction samples of the current block in the prediction sample derivation unit.

The image decoding apparatus may generate residual samples of the current block based on the received residual information (S1640). The image decoding apparatus may generate reconstructed samples for the current block based on the prediction samples and the residual samples, and generate a reconstructed picture based on this (S1650). Thereafter, an in-loop filtering procedure is further applicable to the reconstructed picture, as described above.

As described above, one unit (e.g., a coding unit (CU)) may include a luma block (luma coding block (CB)) and a chroma block (chroma CB). In this case, the luma block and the chroma block corresponding thereto may have the same motion information (e.g., motion vector) or different motion information. For example, the motion information of the chroma block may be derived based on the motion information of the luma block, such that the luma block and the chroma block corresponding thereto have the same motion information.

Overview of Chroma Format

Hereinafter, a chroma format will be described. An image may be encoded into encoded data including a luma component (e.g., Y) array and two chroma component (e.g., Cb and Cr) arrays. For example, one pixel of the encoded image may include a luma sample and a chroma sample. A chroma format may be used to represent a configuration format of the luma sample and the chroma sample, and the chroma format may be referred to as a color format.

In an embodiment, an image may be encoded into various chroma formats such as monochrome, 4:2:0, 4:2:2 or 4:4:4. In monochrome sampling, there may be one sample array and the sample array may be a luma array. In 4:2:0 sampling, there may be one luma sample array and two chroma sample arrays, each of the two chroma arrays may have a height equal to half that of the luma array and a width equal to half that of the luma array. In 4:2:2 sampling, there may be one luma sample array and two chroma sample arrays, each of the two chroma arrays may have a height equal to that of the luma array and a width equal to half that of the luma array. In 4:4:4 sampling, there may be one luma sample array and two chroma sample arrays, and each of the two chroma arrays may have a height and width equal to those of the luma array.

For example, in 4:2:0 sampling, a chroma sample may be located below a luma sample corresponding thereto. In 4:2:2 sampling, a chroma sample may be located to overlap a luma sample corresponding thereto. In 4:4:4 sampling, both a luma sample and a chroma sample may be located at an overlapping position.

A chroma format used in an encoding apparatus and a decoding apparatus may be predetermined. Alternatively, a chroma format may be signaled from an encoding apparatus to a decoding apparatus to be adaptively used in the encoding apparatus and the decoding apparatus. In an embodiment, the chroma format may be signaled based on at least one of chroma_format_idc or separate_colour_plane_flag. At least one of chroma_format_idc or separate_colour_plane_flag may be signaled through higher level syntax such as DPS, VPS, SPS or PPS. For example, chroma_format_idc and separate_colour_plane_flag may be included in SPS syntax shown in FIG. 21 .

Meanwhile, FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of chroma format classification using signaling of chroma_format_idc and separate_colour_plane_flag. chroma_format_idc may be information specifying a chroma format applying to an encoded image, separate_colour_plane_flag may specify whether a color array is separately processed in a specific chroma format. For example, a first value (e.g., 0) of chroma_format_idc may specify monochrome sampling. A second value (e.g., 1) of chroma_format_idc may specify 4:2:0 sampling. A third value (e.g., 2) of chroma_format_idc may specify 4:2:2 sampling. A fourth value (e.g., 3) of chroma_format_idc may specify 4:4:4 sampling.

In 4:4:4, the following may apply based on the value of separate_colour_plane_flag. If the value of separate_colour_plane_flag is a first value (e.g., 0), each of two chroma arrays may have the same height and width as a luma array. In this case, a value of ChromaArrayType specifying a type of a chroma sample array may be set equal to chroma_format_idc. If the value of separate_colour_plane_flag is a second value (e.g., 1), luma, Cb and Cr sample arrays may be separately processed and processed along with monochrome-sampled pictures. In this case, ChromaArrayType may be set to 0.

Intra Prediction on Chroma Block

When intra prediction is performed on a current block, prediction on a luma component block (luma block) of the current block and prediction on a chroma component block (chroma block) may be performed. In this case, the intra prediction mode for the chroma block may be set separately from the intra prediction mode for the luma block.

For example, the intra prediction mode for the chroma block may be specified based on intra chroma prediction mode information, and the intra chroma prediction mode information may be signaled in the form of an intra_chroma_pred_mode syntax element. For example, the intra chroma prediction mode information may represent one of a planar mode, a DC mode, a vertical mode, a horizontal mode, a derived mode (DM), and a cross-component linear model (CCLM) mode. Here, the planar mode may specify intra prediction mode #0, the DC mode may specify intra prediction mode #1, the vertical mode may specify intra prediction mode #26, and the horizontal mode may specify intra prediction mode #10. DM may also be referred to as a direct mode. The CCLM may also be referred to as a linear model (LM).

Meanwhile, the DM and the CCLM are dependent intra prediction modes for predicting the chroma block using information on the luma block. The DM may represent a mode in which the same intra prediction mode as the intra prediction mode for the luma component applies as the intra prediction mode for the chroma component. In addition, the CCLM may represent an intra prediction mode using, as the prediction samples of the chroma block, samples derived by subsampling reconstructed samples of the luma block and then applying α and β which are CCLM parameters to subsampled samples in a process of generating the prediction block for the chroma block. pred_(c)(i,j)=α·rec _(L)′(i,j)+β  [Equation 2]

where, pred_(c)(i,j) may denote the prediction sample of (i, j) coordinates of the current chroma block in the current CU. rec_(L)′(i,j) may denote the reconstructed sample of (i, j) coordinates of the current luma block in the CU. For example, rec_(L)′(i,j) may denote the down-sampled reconstructed sample of the current luma block. Linear model coefficients α and β may be signaled or derived from neighboring samples.

Virtual Pipeline Data Unit

Virtual pipeline data units (VPDUs) may be defined for pipeline processing within a picture. The VPDUs may be defined as non-overlapping units within one picture. In a hardware decoding apparatus, successive VPDUs may be simultaneously processed by multiple pipeline stages. In most pipeline stages, a VPDU size may be roughly proportional to a buffer size. Accordingly, keeping the VPDU size small is important when considering the buffer size from a point of view of hardware. In most hardware decoding apparatuses, the VPDU size may be set equal to a maximum transform block (TB) size. For example, the VPDU size may be 64×64 (64×64 luma samples) size. Alternatively, in VVC, the VPDU size may be changed (increased or decreased) in consideration of the above-described ternary tree (TT) and/or binary tree (BT) partition.

Meanwhile, to keep the VPDU size at the sample of 64×64 luma samples, splitting of a CU shown in FIG. 23 may be restricted. More specifically, at least one of the following restrictions may be applied.

Restriction 1: Ternary tree (TT) splitting is not allowed for a CU having a width or height of 128 or a width and height of 128.

Restriction 2: Horizontal binary tree (BT) splitting is not allowed for a CU having 128×N (where, N is an integer equal to or less than 64 and greater than 0) (e.g., horizontal binary tree splitting is not allowed for a CU having a width of 128 and a height less than 128).

Restriction 3: Vertical binary tree (BT) splitting is not allowed for a CU having N×128 (where, N is an integer equal to or less than 64 and greater than 0) (e.g., vertical binary tree splitting is not allowed for a CU having a height of 128 and a width less than 128).

Maximum Size Limitation Problem of Chroma Block for Pipeline Processing

As described above with respect to a partitioning structure and a transform process, a CU may be split to generate a plurality of TUs. When a size of the CU is greater than a maximum TU size, the CU may be split into a plurality of TUs. Therefore, transform and/or inverse transform may be performed on each TU. In general, a maximum TU size for a luma block may be set to a maximum available transform size which may be performed by an encoding apparatus and/or a decoding apparatus. Examples of splitting a CU and a TU according to an embodiment are shown in FIGS. 24 to 26 .

FIG. 24 shows an example of a TU generated by splitting a luma CU and a chroma CU according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, a maximum size of the luma CU may be 64×64, a maximum available transform size may be 32×32, and a non-square TU may not be allowed. Therefore, a maximum size of a luma component transform block may be 32×32. In this embodiment, the maximum TU size may be set as shown in the following equation. maxTbSize=(cIdx==0)?MaxTbSizeY:MaxTbSizeY/max(SubWidthC, SubHeightC)  [Equation 3]

In the above equation, maxTbSize may be a maximum size of a transform block (TB), and cIdx may be a color component of a corresponding block. cIdx 0 may denote a luma component, 1 may denote a Cb chroma component, and 2 may denote a Cr chroma component. MaxTbSizeY may denote a maximum size of a luma component transform block, SubWidthC may denote a ratio of the width of the luma block to the width of the chroma block, SubHeightC may denote a ratio of the height of the luma block to the height of the chroma block, and max(A, B) may denote a function for returning the larger value of A and B as a result value.

According to the above equation, in the above-described embodiment, in the case of the luma block, a maximum size of a transform block may be set as a maximum size of a luma component transform block. Here, the maximum size of the luma component transform block is a value set during encoding and may be signaled from the encoding apparatus to the decoding apparatus through a bitstream.

In addition, in the above embodiment, a maximum size of a transform block of the chroma block may be set to a value obtained by dividing the maximum size of the luma component transform block by the larger value of SubWidthC and SubHeightC. Here, SubWidthC and SubHeightC may be determined based on chroma_format_idc and separate_colour_plane_flag signaled from the encoding apparatus to the decoding apparatus through a bitstream as shown in FIG. 23 .

According to the above Equation, in the above embodiment, the maximum size of the transform block may be determined to be any one of a minimum width and a minimum height of the transform block. Therefore, TU splitting of the luma block and the chroma block in the above embodiment may be performed as shown in FIG. 24 . For example, as shown in FIG. 24 , in the case of a chroma block having 4:2:2 format, as the maximum size of the transform block is determined to be 16, a chroma CU may be split into a plurality of transform blocks in the form different from the form of splitting of a luma CU into transform blocks.

FIG. 25 shows an example of a TU generated by splitting a luma CU and a chroma CU according to another embodiment. In an embodiment, a maximum size of the luma CU may be 128×128, a maximum available transform size may be 64×64, and a non-square TU may not be allowed. Therefore, the maximum size of a luma component transform block may be 64×64. In this embodiment, the maximum size of the transform block may be set as shown in the following equation. In the following equation, min(A, B) may be a function for returning the smaller value of A and B. maxTbSize=(cIdx==0)?MaxTbSizeY:MaxTbSizeY/min(SubWidthC, SubHeightC)  [Equation 4]

Meanwhile, according to the above equation, as the larger value of the width and height of the corresponding block applies as the maximum size of the transform block, the luma CU and the chroma CU may be split into a plurality of TUs as in the example of FIG. 25 .

In the examples of FIGS. 24 and 25 , in splitting a chroma CU having a 4:2:2 format into TUs, it is split in the form different from the form of splitting the corresponding luma CU into TUs. However, when encoding/decoding of the chroma block is performed with reference to the luma block as in a DM mode or CCLM mode for prediction of the chroma block described above, performing encoding (or decoding) of the corresponding chroma block immediately after encoding (or decoding) of the luma block corresponding to the chroma block is efficient in order to reduce delay in pipeline processing and to save a memory.

However, in the example of FIG. 24 , encoding of two chroma blocks 2421 and 2423 shall be performed after encoding of one luma transform block 2411, which requires separate processing in a relationship with different color formats (4:4:4 or 4:2:0). In addition, in the example of FIG. 25 , encoding of one chroma transform block 2521 shall be performed after encoding of two luma transform blocks 2511 and 2512. In this way, in the above-described TU splitting method, when a 4:2:2 format is used, since a luma block and a chroma block corresponding thereto do not match, a separate process may be added to perform pipeline processing or pipeline processing may not be performed.

Maximum Size Limitation of Chroma Transform Block for Pipeline Processing

Hereinafter, a method of setting a size of a maximum transform block for a chroma CU to satisfy a condition for performing the above-described VPDU will be described.

FIG. 26 shows an example of a TU generated by splitting a luma CU and a chroma CU according to another embodiment. In an embodiment, a maximum size of a luma CU may be 128×128, a maximum available transform size may be 64×64, and splitting into non-square TU may be allowed. Therefore, a maximum size of a luma component transform block may be 64×64.

As shown in FIG. 26 , for splitting into non-square TUs, the maximum size of the transform block may be defined for the width and the height. For example, the maximum width (maxTbWidth) of the transform block and the maximum height (maxTbHeight) of the transform block may be defined as shown in the following equations, thereby defining the maximum size of the transform block. maxTbWidth=(cIdx==0)?MaxTbSizeY:MaxTbSizeY/SubWidthC  [Equation 5] maxTbHeight=(cIdx==0)?MaxTbSizeY:MaxTbSizeY/SubHeightC  [Equation 6]

As in the above embodiment, by defining the maximum size of the transform block as the width and the height, as shown in the example of FIG. 26 , even in the case of a chroma CU having a 4:2:2 format, as in the form of splitting of the corresponding luma CU into TUs, the chroma CU may be split into TUs. Therefore, by splitting the chroma CU into TUs to correspond to the TUs of the luma CU, immediately after encoding (or decoding) of the luma block, encoding (or decoding) of the chroma block corresponding thereto may be performed, thereby reducing delay in pipeline processing.

Maximum Size Limitation of Chroma Transform Block in Intra Prediction Mode

Hereinafter, performing of an intra prediction mode, to which maximum size limitation of a chroma transform block for the above-described chroma pipeline processing applies, will be described. An encoding apparatus and a decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction by limiting the maximum size of the chroma transform block according to the following description and operations thereof may correspond to each other. Therefore, hereinafter, operation of the decoding apparatus will be described.

The decoding apparatus according to an embodiment may generate a reconstructed picture, by performing intra prediction. In-loop filtering may be performed on the reconstructed picture. The decoding apparatus according to an embodiment may directly obtain the following information from a bitstream or derive the following information from other information obtained from the bitstream to perform intra prediction.

-   -   Sample position (xTb0, yTb0) specifying the position of the         top-left sample of a current transform block relative to the         position of the top-left sample of a current picture     -   Parameter nTbW specifying the width of the current transform         block     -   Parameter nTbH specifying the height of the current transform         block     -   Parameter predModeIntra specifying the intra prediction mode of         the current CU     -   Parameter cIdx specifying a color component of the current CU

The decoding apparatus may derive a maximum width maxTbWidth of a transform block and a maximum height maxTbHeight of the transform block from the received information as follows. maxTbWidth=(cIdx==0)?MaxTbSizeY:MaxTbSizeY/SubWidthC  [Equation 7] maxTbHeight=(cIdx==0)?MaxTbSizeY:MaxTbSizeY/SubHeightC  [Equation 8]

Furthermore, the decoding apparatus may derive the top-left sample position (xTbY, yTbY) of the current transform block based on whether the current CU is a luma component or a chroma component as follows. (xTbY,yTbY)=(cIdx==0)?(xTb0,yTb0):(xTb0*SubWidthC,yTb0*SubHeightC)  [Equation 9]

Hereinafter, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction by performing the following procedure. First, the decoding apparatus may determine whether the current transform block is split (S2710). For example, the decoding apparatus may determine whether the current transform block is split based on whether the width and height of the current transform block are greater than the width and height of the maximum transform block. In addition, the decoding apparatus may determine whether splitting is performed by further considering whether intra sub-partition (ISP) applies to the current CU. For example, when nTbW is greater than maxTbWidth or nTbH is greater than maxTbHeight, the decoding apparatus may determine that intra prediction is performed by splitting the current transform block. In addition, even in this case, the decoding apparatus may determine that intra prediction is performed by splitting the current transform block, only when ISP does not apply to the current CU (e.g., the value of IntraSubpartitonSplitType is NO_ISP_SPLIT, that is, ISP does not apply to the current CU).

When the current transform block is split into lower-layer transform blocks, the decoding apparatus may derive the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block as shown in the following equation (S2720). newTbW=(nTbW>maxTbWidth)?(nTbW/2):nTbW  [Equation 10] newTbH=(nTbH>maxTbHeight)?(nTbH/2):nTbH  [Equation 11]

It will be described with reference to FIG. 26 . In an embodiment, the width nTbW of the current transform block may be the width of the chroma CU, and the height nTbH of the current transform block may be the height of the chroma CU. In this embodiment, the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block may be determined to be the width and height of the transform block 2621 split from the chroma CU. That is, in this embodiment, the current transform block may be a transform block having the width and height of the chroma CU having a 4:2:2 format, and the lower-layer transform blocks may be a first lower-layer transform block 2621 to a fourth lower-layer block 2624 obtained by splitting the current transform block in four in the non-square form.

Next, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction using the lower-layer transform blocks split from the current transform block (S2730). First, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction on the first lower-layer transform block. Referring to FIG. 26 , the first lower-layer transform block 2621 may be specified by the sample position (xTb0, yTb0), the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block. The decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction of the first lower-layer transform block 2621 using the intra prediction mode predModeIntra of the current CU and the color component cIdx of the CU. Therefore, a modified reconstructed picture of the first lower-layer transform block 2621 may be generated.

For example, the decoding apparatus may generate a prediction sample matrix predSamples having a size of (newTbW)×(newTbH), by performing an intra sample prediction process. For example, the decoding apparatus may perform an intra sample prediction process using the sample position (xTb0, yTb0), the intra prediction mode predModeIntra, the transform block width (nTbW) newTbW, the transform block height (nTbH) newTbH, the coding block width (nCbW) nTbW and the coding block height (nCbH) nTbH and the value of the parameter cIdx.

In addition, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual sample matrix reSamples having a size of (newTbW)×(newTbH), by performing a scaling and transform process. For example, the decoding apparatus may perform the scaling and transform process based on the sample position (xTb0, yTb0), the value of the parameter cIdx, the transform block width (nTbW) newTbW, and the transform block height (nTbH) newTbH.

In addition, the decoding apparatus may generate a reconstructed picture, by performing a picture reconstruction process on a color component. For example, the decoding apparatus may set a transform block position to (xTb0, yTb0), a transform block width (nTbW) to newTbW, set a transform block height (nTbH) to newTbH, use the value of the parameter cIdx, use the prediction sample matrix predSamples having a size of (newTbW)×(newTbH), and use a residual sample matrix reSamples having a size of (newTbW)×(newTbH), thereby performing a picture reconstruction process on the color component.

Next, when nTbW is greater than maxTbWidth, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction on the second lower-layer transform block. The second lower-layer transform block 2622 may be specified by the sample position (xTb0+newTbW, yTb0), the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block. The decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction of the second lower-layer transform block 2622 using the intra prediction mode predModeIntra of the current CU and the color component cIdx of the current CU. Intra prediction of the second lower-layer transform block 2622 may be performed on the sample position thereof similarly to intra prediction of the first lower-layer transform block 2621. Therefore, a modified reconstructed picture of the second lower-layer transform block 2622 may be generated.

Next, when nTbH is greater than maxTbHeight, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction on the third lower-layer transform block. The third lower-layer transform block 2623 may be specified by the sample position (xTb0, yTb0+newTbH), the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block. Similarly to the above description, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction using the intra prediction mode predModeIntra of the current CU and the color component cIdx of the current CU.

Next, when nTbW is greater than maxTbWidth and nTbH is greater than maxTbHeight, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction on the fourth lower-layer transform block. The fourth lower-layer transform block 2624 may be specified by the sample position (xTb0+newTbW, yTb0+newTbH), the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block. Similarly to the above description, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction using the intra prediction mode predModeIntra of the current CU and the color component cIdx of the current CU.

Meanwhile, the decoding apparatus may perform intra prediction as follows, when splitting of the current transform block is not performed. For example, when nTbW is less than maxTbWidth and nTbH is less than maxTbHeight or ISP applies to the current CU (e.g., the value of IntraSubpartitonSplitType is not NO_ISP_SPLIT), the current transform block may not be split.

First, the decoding apparatus may derive parameters nW, nH, numPartsX and numPartsY as shown in the following equations. nW=IntraSubPartitionsSplitType==ISP_VER_SPLIT?nTbW/NumIntraSubPartitions:nTbW   [Equation 12] nH=IntraSubPartitionsSplitType==ISP_HOR_SPLIT?nTbH/NumIntraSubPartitions:nTbH numPartsX=IntraSubPartitionsSplitType==ISP_VER_SPLIT?NumIntraSubPartitions:1 numPartsY=IntraSubPartitionsSplitType==ISP_HOR_SPLIT?NumIntraSubPartitions:1

In the above equation, IntraSubPartitionsSplitType specifies an ISP splitting type of the current CU, and ISP_VER_SPLIT specifies vertical ISP splitting, and ISP_HOR_SPLIT specifies horizontal ISP splitting. NumIntraSubPartitions specifies the number of ISP sub-partitions.

Next, the decoding apparatus may generate a prediction sample matrix predSamples having a size of (nTbW)×(nTbH), by performing the intra sample prediction process. For example, the decoding apparatus may perform the intra sample prediction process using the sample position (xTb0+nW*xPartIdx, yTb0+nH*yPartIdx), the intra prediction mode predModeIntra, the transform block width (nTbW) nW, the transform block height (nTbH) nH, the coding block width (nCbW) nTbW and the coding block height (nCbH) nTbH and the value of the parameter cIdx. Here, the value of the partition index xPartIdx may have a value from 0 to numPartX−1, and yPartIdx may have a value from 0 to numPartsY−1.

Next, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual sample matrix reSamples having a size of (nTbW)×(nTbH), by performing a scaling and transform process. For example, the decoding apparatus may perform the scaling and transform process based on the sample position (xTbY+nW*xPartIdx, yTbY+nH*yPartIdx), the value of the parameter cIdx, the transform block width (nTbW) nW, and the transform block height (nTbH)

Next, the decoding apparatus may generate a reconstructed picture, by performing a picture reconstruction process on a color component. For example, the decoding apparatus may set a transform block position to (xTb0+nW*xPartIdx, yTb0+nH*yPartIdx), set a transform block width (nTbW) to nW, set a transform block height (nTbH) to nH, use the value of the preset cIdx and use the prediction sample matrix predSamples having a size of (nTbW)×(nTbH) and the residual sample matrix reSamples having a size of (nTbW)×(nTbH), thereby performing the picture reconstruction process on the color component.

Maximum Size Limitation of Chroma Transform Block in Inter Prediction Mode and IBC Prediction Mode

Hereinafter, performing of an inter prediction mode and an IBC prediction mode, to which maximum size limitation of a chroma transform block for the above-described chroma pipeline processing applies, will be described. An encoding apparatus and a decoding apparatus may perform inter prediction and IBC prediction by limiting the maximum size of the chroma transform block according to the following description and operations thereof may correspond to each other. In addition, the following description of inter prediction may apply to the IBC prediction mode with change. Therefore, hereinafter, inter prediction operation of a decoding apparatus according to an embodiment will be described.

The decoding apparatus according to an embodiment may generate a luma prediction block predSamplesL having a size of (cbWidth)×(cbHeight) and chroma prediction blocks predSamplesCb and predSamplesCr having a size of (cbWidth/SubWidthC)×(cbHeight/SubHeightC), by performing inter prediction. Here, cbWidth may be the width of a current CU and cbHeight may be the height of the current CU.

In addition, the decoding apparatus may generate a luma residual block resSamplesL having a size of (cbWidth)×(cbHeight) and chroma residual blocks resSamplesCr and resSamplesCb having a size of (cbWidth/SubWidthC)×(cbHeight/SubHeightC). Finally, the decoding apparatus may generate a reconstructed block using the prediction blocks and the residual blocks.

Hereinafter, a method of limiting a maximum size of a chroma transform block to generate a residual block of a CU encoded in an inter prediction mode by a decoding apparatus according to an embodiment will be described. The decoding apparatus may generate a reconstructed block using the residual block generated in this step.

The decoding apparatus according to an embodiment may directly obtain the following information from a bitstream or derive the following information from other information obtained from the bitstream to generate a residual block having a size of (nTbW)×(nTbH) of a CU encoded in an inter prediction mode. Here, nTbW and nTbH may be set to the width cbWidth of the current CU and the height cbHeight of the current CU.

-   -   Sample position (xTb0, yTb0) specifying the position of the         top-left sample of a current transform block relative to the         position of the top-left sample of a current picture     -   Parameter nTbW specifying the width of the current transform         block     -   Parameter nTbH specifying the height of the current transform         block     -   Parameter cIdx specifying a color component of the current CU

The decoding apparatus may derive a maximum width maxTbWidth of a transform block and a maximum height maxTbHeight of the transform block from the received information as follows. maxTbWidth=(cIdx==0)?MaxTbSizeY:MaxTbSizeY/SubWidthC  [Equation 13] maxTbHeight=(cIdx==0)?MaxTbSizeY:MaxTbSizeY/SubHeightC  [Equation 14]

Furthermore, the decoding apparatus may derive the top-left sample position (xTbY, yTbY) of the current transform block based on whether the current CU is a luma component or a chroma component as follows. (xTbY,yTbY)=(cIdx==0)?(xTb0,yTb0):(xTb0*SubWidthC,yTb0*SubHeightC)  [Equation 15]

As in the above equation, when a current transform block is a chroma block, in order to reflect the size of a chroma block determined according to the chroma format of the current transform block, the maximum width and height of the transform block and the top-left sample position of the current transform block may be determined based on the chroma format.

Hereinafter, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual block by performing the following procedure. First, the decoding apparatus may determine whether the current transform block is split (S2810). For example, the decoding apparatus may determine whether the current transform block is split based on whether the width and height of the current transform block are greater than the width and height of the maximum transform block. For example, when nTbW is greater than maxTbWidth or nTbH is greater than maxTbHeight, the decoding apparatus may determine that low-layer transform blocks are generated by splitting the current transform block.

When the current transform block is split into lower-layer transform blocks, as in the above example of intra prediction, the decoding apparatus may derive the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block as shown in the following equation (S2820). newTbW=(nTbW>maxTbWidth)?(nTbW/2):nTbW  [Equation 16] newTbH=(nTbH>maxTbHeight)?(nTbH/2):nTbH  [Equation 17]

Next, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual block using the lower-layer transform blocks split from the current transform block (S2830). In an embodiment, as shown in FIG. 26 , the current transform block may be a transform block having the width and height of a chroma CU having a 4:2:2 format, and the lower-layer transform blocks may be a first lower-layer transform block 2621 to a fourth lower-layer block 2624 obtained by splitting the current transform block in four in the non-square form.

First, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual block for the first lower-layer transform block. Referring to FIG. 26 , the first lower-layer transform block 2621 may be specified by the sample position (xTb0, yTb0), the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block. The decoding apparatus may generate the residual block of the first lower-layer transform block 2621 using a color component cIdx of a current CU. Based on this, the decoding apparatus may generate a modified reconstructed picture. Thereafter, in-loop filtering may be performed for the modified reconstructed picture.

Next, when nTbW is greater than maxTbWidth, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual block for the second lower-layer transform block. The second lower-layer transform block 2622 may be specified by a sample position (xTb0+newTbW, yTb0), the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block. The decoding apparatus may generate the residual block of the second lower-layer transform block 2622 using the color component cIdx of the current CU. Based on this, the decoding apparatus may generate a modified reconstructed picture. Thereafter, in-loop filtering may be performed for the modified reconstructed picture.

Next, when nTbH is greater than maxTbHeight, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual block for the third lower-layer transform block. The third lower-layer transform block 2623 may be specified by a sample position (xTb0, yTb0+newTbH), the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block. Similarly to the above description, the decoding apparatus may generate the residual block using the color component cIdx of the current CU.

Next, when nTbW is greater than maxTbWidth and nTbH is greater than maxTbHeight, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual block for the fourth lower-layer transform block. The fourth lower-layer transform block 2624 may be specified by a sample position (xTb0+newTbW, yTb0+newTbH), the width newTbW of the lower-layer transform block and the height newTbH of the lower-layer transform block. Similarly to the above description, the decoding apparatus may generate the residual block using the color component cIdx of the current CU.

Meanwhile, when splitting of the current transform block is not performed, the decoding apparatus may perform inter prediction as follows. For example, when nTbW is less than maxTbWidth and nTbH is less than maxTbHeight, the current transform block may not be split. In this case, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual block for an inter prediction mode, by performing a scaling and transform process using a sample position (xTbY, xTbY), a color component cIdx of the current CU, a transform block width nTbW, and a transform block height nTbH as input. Based on this, the decoding apparatus may generate a modified reconstructed picture. Thereafter, in-loop filtering may be performed for the modified reconstructed picture.

Encoding Method

Hereinafter, a method of performing encoding by an encoding apparatus according to an embodiment using the above-described method will be described with reference to FIG. 29 . An encoding apparatus according to an embodiment may include a memory and at least one processor, and the at least one processor may perform the following encoding method.

First, the encoding apparatus may determine a current block by splitting an image (S2910). Next, the encoding apparatus may generate an intra prediction block of the current block (S2920). Next, the encoding apparatus may generate a residual block of the current block based on the intra prediction block (S2930). Next, the encoding apparatus may encode intra prediction mode information of the current block (S2940).

In this case, the intra prediction block and the residual block may be encoded based on a size of a transform block of the current block, and the size of the transform block may be determined based on a color component of the current block.

The color component may be any one of a luma component and a chroma component, and, when the color component of the current block is a chroma component, the size of the transform block may be determined based on a color format.

For size setting of the transform block, a width of the transform block may be determined based on a maximum width of the transform block, and the maximum width of the transform block may be determined based on a maximum size and color format of a transform block of a luma block corresponding to the current block.

In addition, for size setting of the transform block, a height of the transform block may be determined based on a maximum height of the transform block, and the maximum height of the transform block may be determined based on a maximum size and color format of a transform block of a luma block corresponding to the current block.

In addition, a position of a top-left sample of the transform block may be determined based on a position and color format of a top-left sample of the luma block corresponding to the current block.

More specifically, the top-left position of the transform block may be determined based on the maximum width of the transform block and the maximum height of the transform block, the maximum width of the transform block may be determined based on the maximum size and color format of the transform block of the luma block corresponding to the current block, and the maximum height of the transform block may be determined based on the maximum size and color format of the transform block of the luma block corresponding to the current block.

In addition, the current block is a chroma block and, when the width of the transform block is greater than the maximum width of the transform block, a plurality of lower-layer transform blocks may be generated by vertically splitting the current block. In this case, the intra prediction block and the residual block may be generated based on the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks.

More specifically, the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks may include a first lower-layer transform block and a second lower-layer transform block, and the width of the first lower-layer transform block is determined to be the maximum width of the transform block, and the top-left coordinate of the second lower-layer transform block may be determined to be a value shifted from the top-left coordinate of the first transform block to the right by the maximum width of the transform block.

In addition, the current block is a chroma block and, when the height of the transform block is greater than the maximum height of the transform block, a plurality of lower-layer transform blocks may be generated by horizontally splitting the current block. In this case, the intra prediction block and the residual block may be generated based on the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks.

More specifically, the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks may include a third lower-layer transform block and a fourth lower-layer transform block. The height of the third lower-layer transform block may be determined to be the maximum height of the transform block, and the top-left coordinate of the fourth lower-layer transform block may be determined to be a value shifted downward from the top-left coordinate of the first transform block by the maximum height of the transform block.

As an implementation of the above description, the maximum size of the transform block may be 64×64 when the color format of the current block is a 4:4:4 format, the maximum size of the transform block may be 32×64 when the color format of the current block is a 4:2:2 format, and the maximum size of the transform block may be 32×32 when the color format of the current block is a 4:2:0 format.

Decoding Method

Hereinafter, a method of performing decoding by a decoding apparatus according to an embodiment using the above-described method will be described with reference to FIG. 30 . A decoding apparatus according to an embodiment may include a memory and at least one processor, and the at least one processor may perform the following decoding method.

First, the decoding apparatus may obtain a current block by splitting an image (S3010). Next, the decoding apparatus may determine a prediction mode of the current block (S3020). Next, when the prediction mode of the current block is an intra prediction mode, the decoding apparatus may generate an intra prediction block of the current block (S3030). Next, the decoding apparatus may generate a residual block of the current block (S3040). Next, the decoding apparatus may reconstruct the current block based on the prediction block and the residual block of the current block (S3050).

In this case, the intra prediction block and the residual block may be generated based on a size of a transform block of the current block, and the size of the transform block may be determined based on a color component of the current block.

The color component may be any one of a luma component and a chroma component, and, when the color component of the current block is a chroma component, the size of the transform block may be determined based on a color format.

For size setting of the transform block, a width of the transform block may be determined based on a maximum width of the transform block, and the maximum width of the transform block may be determined based on a maximum size and color format of a transform block of a luma block corresponding to the current block.

In addition, for size setting of the transform block, a height of the transform block may be determined based on a maximum height of the transform block, and the maximum height of the transform block may be determined based on a maximum size and color format of a transform block of a luma block corresponding to the current block.

In addition, a position of a top-left sample of the transform block may be determined based on a position and color format of a top-left sample of the luma block corresponding to the current block.

More specifically, the top-left position of the lower-layer transform blocks may be determined based on the maximum width of the transform block and the maximum height of the transform block, the maximum width of the transform block may be determined based on the maximum size and color format of the transform block of the luma block corresponding to the current block, and the maximum height of the transform block may be determined based on the maximum size and color format of the transform block of the luma block corresponding to the current block.

In addition, the current block is a chroma block and, when the width of the transform block is greater than the maximum width of the transform block, a plurality of lower-layer transform blocks may be generated by vertically splitting the current block. In this case, the intra prediction block and the residual block may be generated based on the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks.

More specifically, the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks may include a first lower-layer transform block and a second lower-layer transform block, and the width of the first lower-layer transform block is determined to be the maximum width of the transform block, and the top-left coordinate of the second lower-layer transform block may be determined to be a value shifted from the top-left coordinate of the first transform block to the right by the maximum width of the transform block.

In addition, the current block is a chroma block and, when the height of the transform block is greater than the maximum height of the transform block, a plurality of lower-layer transform blocks may be generated by horizontally splitting the current block. In this case, the intra prediction block and the residual block may be generated based on the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks.

More specifically, the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks may include a third lower-layer transform block and a fourth lower-layer transform block. The height of the third lower-layer transform block may be determined to be the maximum height of the transform block, and the top-left coordinate of the fourth lower-layer transform block may be determined to be a value shifted downward from the top-left coordinate of the first transform block by the maximum height of the transform block.

As an implementation of the above description, the maximum size of the transform block may be 64×64 when the color format of the current block is a 4:4:4 format, the maximum size of the transform block may be 32×64 when the color format of the current block is a 4:2:2 format, and the maximum size of the transform block may be 32×32 when the color format of the current block is a 4:2:0 format,

Application Embodiment

While the exemplary methods of the present disclosure described above are represented as a series of operations for clarity of description, it is not intended to limit the order in which the steps are performed, and the steps may be performed simultaneously or in different order as necessary. In order to implement the method according to the present disclosure, the described steps may further include other steps, may include remaining steps except for some of the steps, or may include other additional steps except for some steps.

In the present disclosure, the image encoding apparatus or the image decoding apparatus that performs a predetermined operation (step) may perform an operation (step) of confirming an execution condition or situation of the corresponding operation (step). For example, if it is described that predetermined operation is performed when a predetermined condition is satisfied, the image encoding apparatus or the image decoding apparatus may perform the predetermined operation after determining whether the predetermined condition is satisfied.

The various embodiments of the present disclosure are not a list of all possible combinations and are intended to describe representative aspects of the present disclosure, and the matters described in the various embodiments may be applied independently or in combination of two or more.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. In the case of implementing the present disclosure by hardware, the present disclosure can be implemented with application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), Digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), general processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, etc.

In addition, the image decoding apparatus and the image encoding apparatus, to which the embodiments of the present disclosure are applied, may be included in a multimedia broadcasting transmission and reception device, a mobile communication terminal, a home cinema video device, a digital cinema video device, a surveillance camera, a video chat device, a real time communication device such as video communication, a mobile streaming device, a storage medium, a camcorder, a video on demand (VoD) service providing device, an OTT video (over the top video) device, an Internet streaming service providing device, a three-dimensional (3D) video device, a video telephony video device, a medical video device, and the like, and may be used to process video signals or data signals. For example, the OTT video devices may include a game console, a blu-ray player, an Internet access TV, a home theater system, a smartphone, a tablet PC, a digital video recorder (DVR), or the like.

FIG. 31 is a view showing a contents streaming system, to which an embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable.

As shown in FIG. 31 , the contents streaming system, to which the embodiment of the present disclosure is applied, may largely include an encoding server, a streaming server, a web server, a media storage, a user device, and a multimedia input device.

The encoding server compresses contents input from multimedia input devices such as a smartphone, a camera, a camcorder, etc. into digital data to generate a bitstream and transmits the bitstream to the streaming server. As another example, when the multimedia input devices such as smartphones, cameras, camcorders, etc. directly generate a bitstream, the encoding server may be omitted.

The bitstream may be generated by an image encoding method or an image encoding apparatus, to which the embodiment of the present disclosure is applied, and the streaming server may temporarily store the bitstream in the process of transmitting or receiving the bitstream.

The streaming server transmits the multimedia data to the user device based on a user's request through the web server, and the web server serves as a medium for informing the user of a service. When the user requests a desired service from the web server, the web server may deliver it to a streaming server, and the streaming server may transmit multimedia data to the user. In this case, the contents streaming system may include a separate control server. In this case, the control server serves to control a command/response between devices in the contents streaming system.

The streaming server may receive contents from a media storage and/or an encoding server. For example, when the contents are received from the encoding server, the contents may be received in real time. In this case, in order to provide a smooth streaming service, the streaming server may store the bitstream for a predetermined time.

Examples of the user device may include a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), navigation, a slate PC, tablet PCs, ultrabooks, wearable devices (e.g., smartwatches, smart glasses, head mounted displays), digital TVs, desktops computer, digital signage, and the like.

Each server in the contents streaming system may be operated as a distributed server, in which case data received from each server may be distributed.

The scope of the disclosure includes software or machine-executable commands (e.g., an operating system, an application, firmware, a program, etc.) for enabling operations according to the methods of various embodiments to be executed on an apparatus or a computer, a non-transitory computer-readable medium having such software or commands stored thereon and executable on the apparatus or the computer.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The embodiments of the present disclosure may be used to encode or decode an image. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An image decoding method performed by an image decoding apparatus, the image decoding method comprising: determining a prediction mode of a current block; generating an intra prediction block of the current block, based on the prediction mode of the current block being an intra prediction mode; and reconstructing the current block based on the intra prediction block, wherein the intra prediction block is generated based on a size of a transform block of the current block, wherein a maximum size of the transform block is separately determined for each of a width and a height of the transform block, wherein, based on a color component of the current block being a chroma component, the maximum size of the transform block is determined based on a color format, and wherein the size of the transform block is determined based on a comparison result between the size of the transform block and the maximum size of the transform block.
 2. The image decoding method of claim 1, wherein the width of the transform block is determined based on a maximum width of the transform block, and wherein the maximum width of the transform block is determined based on a maximum size and a color format of a transform block of a luma block corresponding to the current block.
 3. The image decoding method of claim 1, wherein the height of the transform block is determined based on a maximum height of the transform block, and wherein the maximum height of the transform block is determined based on a maximum size and a color format of a transform block of a luma block corresponding to the current block.
 4. The image decoding method of claim 1, wherein a position of a top-left sample of the transform block is determined based on a position and a color format of a top-left sample of a luma block corresponding to the current block.
 5. The image decoding method of claim 1, wherein a top-left position of the transform block is determined based on a maximum width of the transform block and a maximum height of the transform block, wherein the maximum width of the transform block is determined based on a maximum size and a color format of a transform block of a luma block corresponding to the current block, and wherein the maximum height of the transform block is determined based on the maximum size and the color format of the transform block of the luma block corresponding to the current block.
 6. The image decoding method of claim 1, wherein the current block is a chroma block, wherein, based on the width of the transform block being greater than a maximum width of the transform block, a plurality of lower-layer transform blocks are generated by vertically splitting the current block, and wherein the intra prediction block and the residual block are generated based on the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks.
 7. The image decoding method of claim 6, wherein the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks include a first lower-layer transform block and a second lower-layer transform block, wherein a width of the first lower-layer transform block is determined to be half the width of the transform block, and wherein a top-left coordinate of the second lower-layer transform block is determined to be a value shifted from a top-left coordinate of the transform block to the right by half the width of the transform block.
 8. The image decoding method of claim 1, wherein the current block is a chroma block, wherein, based on the height of the transform block being greater than a maximum height of the transform block, a plurality of lower-layer transform blocks are generated by horizontally splitting the current block, and wherein the intra prediction block and the residual block are generated based on the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks.
 9. The image decoding method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of lower-layer transform blocks include a third lower-layer transform block and a fourth lower-layer transform block, wherein a height of the third lower-layer transform block is determined to be half the height of the transform block, and wherein a top-left coordinate of the fourth lower-layer transform block is determined to be a value shifted downward from a top-left coordinate of the transform block by half the height of the transform block.
 10. The image decoding method of claim 1, wherein the maximum size of the transform block is 64×64 based on the color format of the current block being a 4:4:4 format, the maximum size of the transform block is 32×64 based on the color format of the current block being a 4:2:2 format, and the maximum size of the transform block is 32×32 based on the color format of the current block being a 4:2:0 format.
 11. An image encoding method performed by an image encoding apparatus, the image encoding method comprising: determining a prediction mode of a current block; generating an intra prediction block of the current block, based on the prediction mode of the current block being an intra prediction mode; and encoding the current block based on the intra prediction block, wherein the intra prediction block is generated based on a size of a transform block of the current block, wherein a maximum size of the transform block is separately determined for each of a width and a height of the transform block, wherein, based on a color component of the current block being a chroma component, the maximum size of the transform block is determined based on a color format, and wherein the size of the transform block is determined based on a comparison result between the size of the transform block and the maximum size of the transform block.
 12. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing the bitstream generated by the image encoding method of claim
 11. 13. A method of transmitting a bitstream generated by an image encoding method, the image encoding method comprising: determining a prediction mode of a current block; generating an intra prediction block of the current block, based on the prediction mode of the current block being an intra prediction mode; and encoding the current block into the bitstream based on the intra prediction block, wherein the intra prediction block is generated based on a size of a transform block of the current block, wherein a maximum size of the transform block is separately determined for each of a width and a height of the transform block, wherein, based on a color component of the current block being a chroma component, the maximum size of the transform block is determined based on a color format, and wherein the size of the transform block is determined based on a comparison result between the size of the transform block and the maximum size of the transform block. 